Performance Analysis of Breast Cancer Detection Method Using ANFIS Classification Approach

Breast cancer is one of the deadly diseases prevailing in women. Earlier detection and diagnosis might prevent the death rate. Effective diagnosis of breast cancer remains a significant challenge, and early diagnosis is essential to avoid the most severe manifestations of the disease. The existing systems have computational complexity and classification accuracy problems over various breast cancer databases. In order to overcome the above-mentioned issues, this work introduces an efficient classification and segmentation process. Hence, there is a requirement for developing a fully automatic methodology for screening the cancer regions. This paper develops a fully automated method for breast cancer detection and segmentation utilizing Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) classification technique. This proposed technique comprises preprocessing, feature extraction, classifications, and segmentation stages. Here, the wavelet-based enhancement method has been employed as the preprocessing method. The texture and statistical features have been extracted from the enhanced image. Then, the ANFIS classification algorithm is used to classify the mammogram image into normal, benign, and malignant cases. Then, morphological processing is performed on malignant mammogram images to segment cancer regions. Performance analysis and comparisons are made with conventional methods. The experimental result proves that the proposed ANFIS algorithm provides better classification performance in terms of higher accuracy than the existing algorithms.     

Identification of Natural Products as Potential Pharmacological Chaperones for Protein Misfolding Diseases

Defective protein folding and accumulation of misfolded proteins is associated with neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, secretory, and metabolic disorders. Efforts are being made to identify small-molecule modulators or structural-correctors for conformationally destabilized proteins implicated in various protein aggregation diseases. Using a metastable-reporter-based primary screen, we evaluated pharmacological chaperone activity of a diverse class of natural products. We found that a flavonoid glycoside ( C-10 , chrysoeriol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside) stabilizes metastable proteins, prevents its aggregation, and remodels the oligomers into protease-sensitive species. Data was corroborated with additional secondary screen with disease-specific pathogenic protein. In vitro and cell-based experiments showed that C-10 inhibits α-synuclein aggregation which is implicated in synucleinopathies-related neurodegeneration. C-10 interferes in its structural transition into β-sheeted fibrils and mitigates α-synuclein aggregation-associated cytotoxic effects. Computational modeling suggests that C-10 binds to unique sites in α-synuclein which may interfere in its aggregation amplification. These findings open an avenue for comprehensive SAR development for flavonoid glycosides as pharmacological chaperones for metastable and aggregation-prone proteins implicated in protein conformational diseases.     

In situ synthesised TiO2 ‐chitosan‐chondroitin 4–sulphate nanocomposites for bone implant applications

The artificial materials for bone implant applications are gaining more importance in the recent years. The series titania‐chitosan‐chondroitin 4–sulphate nanocomposites of three different concentrations (2:1:x, where x ‐ 0.125, 0.25, 0.5) have been synthesised by in situ sol–gel method and characterised by various techniques. The particle size of the nanocomposites ranges from 30–50 nm. The bioactivity, swelling nature, and the antimicrobial nature of the nanocomposites were investigated. The swelling ability and bioactivity of the composites is significantly greater and they possess high zone of inhibition against the microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The cell viability of the nanocomposites were evaluated by using MG‐63 and observed the composites possess high cell viability at low concentration. The excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility makes these nanocomposites a promising biomaterial for bone implant applications.Inspec keywords: titanium compounds, filled polymers, nanocomposites, bone, orthopaedics, biomedical materials, sol‐gel processing, nanofabrication, particle size, swelling, microorganisms, cellular biophysics, nanomedicine, prostheticsOther keywords: in situ synthesised TiO₂ ‐chitosan‐chondroitin 4‐sulphate nanocomposites, bone implant applications, artificial materials, in situ sol‐gel method, particle size, swelling nature, antimicrobial nature, microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, cell viability, MG‐63, biomaterial, size 30 nm to 50 nm, TiO₂      

Corner supported equilateral triangular plate subjected to a concentrated load at the center

The bending by a concentrated load acting at the center of a corner supported equilateral triangular plate is presented. The problem is solved under the assumptions that the total bending moment is zero, and the supplemented shear vanishes at discrete points along the edges of the plate. The results, presented in graphs, are compared with the measurements taken earlier on a steel plate model.     

Thermal performance of tubular heat exchanger with multiple twisted-tape inserts

The paper presents an experimental investigation on enhanced heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics by using single, double, triple, and quadruple twisted-tape inserts in a round tube having a uniform heat-fluxed wal . The investigation has been conducted in the heat exchanger tube inserted with various twisted-tape numbers for co-and counter-twist arrangements for the turbulent air flow, Reynolds number (Re) from 5300 to 24000. The typical single twisted-tape inserts at two twist ratios, y/w=4 and 5, are used as the base case, while the other multiple twisted-tape inserts are at y/w=4 only. The experimental results of heat transfer and pressure drop in terms of Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor (f), respectively, reveal that Nu increases with the increment of Re and of twisted-tape number. The values of Nu for the inserted tube are in a range of 1.15–2.12 times that for the plain tube while f is 1.9–4.1 times. The thermal enhancement factor of the inserted tube under similar pumping power is evaluated and found to be above unity except for the single and the double co-twisted tapes. The quadruple counter-twisted tape insert provides the maximum thermal performance.     

Heat transfer augmentation in a circular tube with winglet vortex generators☆

The article presents the influence of winglet vortex generators (WVGs) placed in the core flow area on ther-mal performance enhancement of a tube heat exchanger. The experiment was carried out in a uniform wall heat-fluxed tube by varying turbulent alrflow for Reynolds number ranging from 5300 to 24000. In the pres-ent work, the WVGs with an attack angle of 30° were inserted into the test tube at four different winglet pitch ratios (RP=P/D) and three winglet-width or blockage ratios (RB=e/D). The experimental results at various RP and RB values were evaluated and compared with those for smooth tube and tubes with twist-ed tape or wire coil. The measurement reveals that the WVGs enhance considerably the heat transfer and friction loss above the plaln tube, wire coil and twisted tape. The Nusselt number and friction factor increase with the increment of RB and Re but with the decreasing RP. The average Nusselt numbers for the WVGs with various RB are in the range of 2.03–2.34 times above the plaln tube. The thermal performance for the WVGs is found to be much higher than that for the wire coil and twisted tape and is in a range of 1.35–1.59. Also, a numerical investigation is conducted to study the flow structure and heat transfer enhancement mecha-nisms in the winglet-inserted tube.     

Soft systems methodology and integrated flood management: a study of the Adayar watershed,Chennai, India

This paper applies Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) within the context of action research and Integrated Flood Management (IFM). A case study from the Adayar watershed, Chennai, is provided as an example of how SSM can be used to understand complex situations and as a problem‐solving strategy for flood management. Flat topography, uncontrolled urban development, population growth, sand bar formation at the river mouth and low tidal action render complexity to flood management in Chennai. For effective flood management, a participatory and integrated approach, which includes stakeholders in the decision‐making process and an enabling institutional set‐up, is essential. As part of an integrated approach, the relationship between various organizations and the public is identified. SSM is an approach for addressing fuzzy problematic situations involving human activity. In this paper, SSM techniques like ‘Rich Picture Diagrams’ and ‘CATWOE analysis’ and participatory action research tools like ‘pairwise ranking’ and ‘force field analysis’ were investigated. Two workshops were conducted to define and explore the problematic situation, the role of various actors involved in the problem, to develop the conceptual model, to rank decision‐making criteria, and to analyse the forces for and against to solve the problem. The flood management approach provided in this paper can be used by government agencies and policy makers to manage floods.     

中低剪力下轴向力、弯矩和扭矩作用时钢筋混凝土圆柱的抗震性能

对混凝土柱在循环受弯、剪、纯扭以及各种弯、剪、扭组合荷载下的试验结果进行介绍。研究中涉及的主要变量为扭矩弯矩比,柱的高径比或弯矩剪力比(中、低剪力模拟时)。高径比决定了弯矩-剪力交互作用的水平。在组合荷载下,对扭矩弯矩比为0·2和0·4,高径比为3和6的柱进行试验。分析了高径比提高对各种性能的影响。特别研究了组合荷载下剪力水平对破坏模式以及对弯剪强度的重要影响。试验结果表明:随着高径比的减少弯曲和扭转承载力与有限元计算结果没有显著变化;但是高径比的减少会导致破坏模式和变形性能的显著变化。     

Correlating the Speed of Sound with the Gibbs Energy and Estimating the Speed of Sound in Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Biodiesel

The relationship between the speed of sound (u) in biodiesel and the change in Gibbs energy (ΔG) has not been described in the literature. With the Gibbs energy additivity method, the relationship between u and ΔG can be expressed as ln(u²) = ΔG/RT + A, where R is the universal gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and A is a constant. The molecule of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was arbitrarily sub-divided into groups of atoms and a ΔG was assigned to each group of atoms. A new model correlating the speed of sound to the structure of fatty acid was derived. The proposed model was good for estimation of the speed of sound in both FAME and biodiesel at various temperatures with good accuracy. The absolute average deviations for the speed of sound in FAME (65 data points) and in biodiesel (175 data points) were 0.23% and 0.36%, respectively. Only the number of double bonds and carbon atoms of the fatty acid are required for the calculation.