OWL‐based acquisition and editing of computer‐interpretable guidelines with the CompGuide editor

Computer‐Interpretable Guidelines (CIGs) are the dominant medium for the delivery of clinical decision support, given the evidence‐based nature of their source material. Therefore, these machine‐readable versions have the ability to improve practitioner performance and conformance to standards, with availability at the point and time of care. The formalisation of Clinical Practice Guideline knowledge in a machine‐readable format is a crucial task to make it suitable for the integration in Clinical Decision Support Systems. However, the current tools for this purpose reveal shortcomings with respect to their ease of use and the support offered during CIG acquisition and editing. In this work, we characterise the current landscape of CIG acquisition tools based on the properties of guideline visualisation, organisation, simplicity, automation, manipulation of knowledge elements, and guideline storage and dissemination. Additionally, we describe the CompGuide Editor, a tool for the acquisition of CIGs in the CompGuide model for Clinical Practice Guidelines that also allows the editing of previously encoded guidelines. The Editor guides the users throughout the process of guideline encoding and does not require proficiency in any programming language. The features of the CIG encoding process are revealed through a comparison with already established tools for CIG acquisition.     

Synthesis of Benzophenones and in vitro Evaluation of Their Anticancer Potential in Breast and Prostate Cancer Cells

Breast and prostate cancers are frequently treated with chemotherapy. Several novel chemicals are being reported for this purpose, particularly synthetic and natural benzophenones. This work reports the synthesis of substituted 2-hydroxybenzophenones through 1,4-conjugate addition/intramolecular cycloaddition/dehydration of nitromethane on key intermediate chromones. Structures were extensively studied by means of 2D NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal XRD. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro in two breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and T47-D) and one prostate cancer cell line (PC3). The most potent compound exhibited good cytotoxic effects against the three cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ values ranging from 12.09 to 26.49 μm ) and induced cell-cycle retardation only on prostate cancer cells, which suggested that it might exert cell-type-specific effects.     

Stimuli-Responsive Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

The complex tissue-specific physiology that is orchestrated from the nano- to the macroscale, in conjugation with the dynamic biophysical/biochemical stimuli underlying biological processes, has inspired the design of sophisticated hydrogels and nanoparticle systems exhibiting stimuli-responsive features. Recently, hydrogels and nanoparticles have been combined in advanced nanocomposite hybrid platforms expanding their range of biomedical applications. The ease and flexibility of attaining modular nanocomposite hydrogel constructs by selecting different classes of nanomaterials/hydrogels, or tuning nanoparticle-hydrogel physicochemical interactions widely expands the range of attainable properties to levels beyond those of traditional platforms. This review showcases the intrinsic ability of hybrid constructs to react to external or internal/physiological stimuli in the scope of developing sophisticated and intelligent systems with application-oriented features. Moreover, nanoparticle-hydrogel platforms are overviewed in the context of encoding stimuli-responsive cascades that recapitulate signaling interplays present in native biosystems. Collectively, recent breakthroughs in the design of stimuli-responsive nanocomposite hydrogels improve their potential for operating as advanced systems in different biomedical applications that benefit from tailored single or multi-responsiveness.     

Challenges in the Application of Stochastic Modal Identification Methods to a Cable-Stayed Bridge

This paper presents an analysis of the data collected in the ambient vibration test of the International Guadiana cable-stayed Bridge, which links Portugal and Spain, based on different output-only identification techniques: peak-picking, frequency domain decomposition, covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification, and data-driven stochastic subspace identification. The purpose of the analysis is to compare the performance of the four techniques and evaluate their efficiency in dealing with specific challenges involved in the modal identification of the tested cable-stayed bridge, namely the existence of closely spaced modes, the perturbation produced by the local vibration of stay-cables, and the variation of modal damping coefficients with wind velocity. The identified natural frequencies and mode shapes are compared with the corresponding modal parameters provided by a previously developed numerical model. Additionally, the variability of some modal damping coefficients is related with the variation of the wind characteristics and associated with a component of aerodynamic damping.     

Coupling GIS with Hydrologic and Hydraulic Flood Modelling

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been recognised as a powerful means to integrate and analyse data from various sources in the context of comprehensive floodplain management. As part of this comprehensive approach to floodplain management, it is very important to be able to predict the consequences of different scenarios in terms of flooded areas and associated risk. Hydrologic and hydraulic modelling plays a crucial role and there is much to gain in incorporating these modelling capabilities in GIS. This is still a rather complex task and research is being done on the full integration of these models. Interfacing between these models and GIS may be a very efficient way of overcoming the difficulties and getting very good results in terms of engineering practice. This paper presents results based on the use of Intergraph GIS coupled with Idrisi GIS. Using these two systems substantially increased the flexibility of using GIS as a tool for flood studies. A lumped (XSRAIN) and a distributed (OMEGA) hydrologic models were used to simulate flood hydrographs. The well known HEC-2 Hydraulic model was used to compute flooded areas. These models were applied in the Livramento catchment with very good results. The computation of flooded areas for different flood scenarios, and its representation in GIS, can be used in the assessment of affected property and associated damages. This is a very useful GIS-based approach to floodplain management.     

Validation of Calibration Methods at NMIs

The National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) topped off its country national measurement system transfer by calibration the traceability to the SI units. In order to fulfill the ISO/IEC 17025 standard, namely point 5.4.5, these laboratories should validate their own laboratory-designed or developed methods for the dissemination of the units. A procedure for validation of calibration methods is proposed and an example of validation of calibration results is drafted by the application of experimental design.     

The influence of magnetron sputtered silver and titanium coatings on the compaction and properties of surface modified PM Ti-48Al powders

Thin layers of silver and titanium were deposited onto commercial Ti–₄₈Al particles by magnetron sputtering prior to their consolidation by hot isostatic pressing and subsequent heat treatment. Based on picnometry and electron probe microanalysis results, average values of 1.5 and 2.5 at.%, respectively, were obtained for the silver and titanium contents in the coated particles. The surface modified Ti–₄₈Al particles exhibited improved sintering ability than the unmodified ones. The consolidated samples have duplex microstructures formed by γ-TiAl and γ-TiAl + α₂-Ti₃Al grains. Ag-rich nanoprecipitates were detected in the microstructure of the compacted Ti-₄₈Al + Ag sample. The coatings are no longer visible at the grains boundaries after a subsequent homogenization heat treatment at 1200°C. The highest values of hardness and Young’s modulus were obtained for the Ti–₄₈Al + Ag sample, associated with a higher density and a lower percentage of pores.     

Algorithms for invariant long-wave infrared face segmentation: evaluation and comparison

This paper presents two methods for automatic segmentation of images of faces captured in long wavelength infrared, allowing a wide range of face rotations, expressions and artifacts (such as glasses and hats). We also present the validation of segmentation results using a recognition method to show the impact of the segmentation accuracy on the recognition. The paper presents two different approaches (one aimed at real-time performance and the other at high accuracy) and compares their performance against three other previously published methods. The proposed approaches are based on statistical modeling of pixel intensities and active contour application, although several other image processing operations are also performed. Experiments were performed on a total of 893 test images from four public available databases. The obtained results improve on previous existing methods up to 29.5 % for the first measure error (E ₁) and up to 34.7 % for the second measure (E ₂), depending on the method and database. Regarding the computational time, our proposals improve up to 63.32 % when compared with the other proposals. We also present the validation of the various segmentation methods that are presented by applying a face recognition method.     

A survey on offline scheduling with rejection

In classical deterministic scheduling problems, it is assumed that all jobs have to be processed. However, in many practical cases, mostly in highly loaded make-to-order production systems, accepting all jobs may cause a delay in the completion of orders which in turn may lead to high inventory and tardiness costs. Thus, in such systems, the firm may wish to reject the processing of some jobs by either outsourcing them or rejecting them altogether. The field of scheduling with rejection provides schemes for coordinated sales and production decisions by grouping them into a single model. Since scheduling problems with rejection are very interesting both from a practical and a theoretical point of view, they have received a great deal of attention from researchers over the last decade. The purpose of this survey is to offer a unified framework for offline scheduling with rejection by presenting an up-to-date survey of the results in this field. Moreover, we highlight the close connection between scheduling with rejection and other fields of research such as scheduling with controllable processing times and scheduling with due date assignment, and include some new results which we obtained for open problems.     

Engineering an efficient two‐phase local search algorithm for the co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder configuration problem

The twin‐screw configuration problem arises during polymer extrusion and compounding. It consists in defining the location of a set of pre‐defined screw elements along the screw axis in order to optimize different, typically conflicting objectives. In this paper, we present a simple yet effective stochastic local search (SLS) algorithm for this problem. Our algorithm is based on efficient single‐objective iterative improvement algorithms, which have been developed by studying different neighborhood structures, neighborhood search strategies, and neighborhood restrictions. These algorithms are embedded into a variation of the two‐phase local search framework to tackle various bi‐objective versions of this problem. An experimental comparison with a previously proposed multi‐objective evolutionary algorithm shows that a main advantage of our SLS algorithm is that it converges faster to a high‐quality approximation to the Pareto front.