In the present research, nanostructured Pd–Cd alloy electrocatalysts with different compositions were produced using the electrodeposition process. The morphology of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Also, the elemental composition of the samples was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental mapping tests. Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods were employed to determine the electrochemical corrosion properties of the synthesized samples in a solution containing 0.5 M sulfuric acid and 0.1 M formic acid. The linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry techniques were also employed to evaluate the electrocatalytic activity of prepared samples toward the oxidation of formic acid. In this respect, the influence of some factors such as formic acid and sulfuric acid concentrations and also potential scan rate was investigated. Compared to the pure Pd sample, the Pd–Cd samples were more reactive for the oxidation of formic acid. Besides, the sample with a lower amount of Pd (Pd1·3Cd) demonstrated much higher electrocatalytic activity than the Pd7·1Cd and Pd2·1Cd samples. The observed high mass activity of 15.06 A mg?1Pd for the Pd1·3Cd sample which is 21.1 times higher than Pd/C is an interesting result of this study. 相似文献
In this paper, size-dependent dynamic stability of axially loaded functionally graded (FG) composite truncated conical microshells with magnetostrictive facesheets surrounded by nonlinear viscoelastic foundations including a two-parameter Winkler–Pasternak medium augmented via a Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic approach is analyzed considering nonlinear cubic stiffness. To this purpose, von Karman-type kinematic nonlinearity along with modified couple stress theory of elasticity was applied to third-order shear deformation conical shell theory in the presence of magnetic permeability tensor and magnetic fluxes. The numerical technique of generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) was used for the solution of microstructural-dependent dynamic stability responses of FG composite truncated conical microshells. It was seen that moving from prebuckling to postbuckling domain somehow increased the significance of couple stress type of size dependency on frequency. In addition, within both prebuckling and postbuckling regimes, an increase of material gradient index decreased the importance of couple stress type of size dependency on the frequency of an axially loaded FG composite truncated conical microshell. Furthermore, it was revealed that by applying a positive magnetic field to an axially loaded truncated conical microshell with magnetostrictive facesheets, its frequency at a specific axial load value was increased in prebuckling domain and decreased in postbuckling domain. However, this pattern was reversed by applying a negative magnetic field.
The paper proposes a controller scheme based on a priori identification for a C5 parallel robot. First we realize the identification of dynamic parameters of the robot using the Least Squares technique. Different data are used for this step of identification. The cross validation permitted to select and confirm the identified parameters. After, a control scheme (computed torque) is applied to control the C5 parallel robot. The functions of this control scheme are based on precedent identified parameters. In order to reduce the effect of the identification error, we have added a robustness term based on sliding mode technique. The stability of the system in closed loop is presented using the Lyapunov principle. Experimental results of identification and control are presented and show the effectiveness of our methodology. 相似文献
An efficient approach was introduced for improving the condition of major controlled rolling process parameters of roughing, finishing and coiling temperatures and optimizing these parameters to obtain minimum grain size and maximum dome height simultaneously. Taguchi method combined with grey relational analysis was applied to achieve optimum grain size and dome height during controlled rolling process. For this purpose, four levels for the above temperatures were chosen and sixteen experiments were conducted based on orthogonal array of Taguchi method. Based on Taguchi approach, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios were calculated and used in order to obtain the optimum levels for every input parameter. Analysis of variance revealed that finishing and coiling temperatures have the maximum effect on the grain size and dome height of microalloyed steels. The confirmation tests with the optimal levels of parameters indicated that the grain size and dome height of controlled rolled microalloyed steels can be improved effectively through this approach. 相似文献
In this article, we study a stochastic approximation algorithm that approximates the exact root θ of a function M defined in ?d into ?d. The function M cannot be known exactly, but only noisy measurements are available at each point xn with the error ξn. The sequence of noise (ξn)n is random; we treat both cases where it is independent and dependent and we establish the complete convergence of the approximated sequence of θ. 相似文献
Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), despite their unique properties, were not widely investigated as reinforcement in metal matrix nanocomposites. The nanocomposite was fabricated by adding 15-nm-thick GNPs to AZ31 magnesium alloy via friction stir processing (FSP). Mechanical, frictional and wear properties were investigated. It was observed that refined microstructure with a range of 3–9 µm grain size and the presence of GNPs, i.e., reinforcing particles, improved the tensile properties and increased the ultimate tensile strength to 278 MPa. FSP increased the strain-to-fail by 133% compared to that of base metal, while it was decreased by adding GNPs. Moreover, the presence of GNPs decreased the adhesive wear mechanism by squeezing out, smudging on the surface and, finally, forming a protective layer between the sliding surfaces. Hence, the coefficient of friction was decreased to 60% and the range of fluctuations in friction plot was confined by adding GNPs. They were further decreased by increasing the normal load and sliding velocity due to easier debonding of the GNPs and the surrounding AZ31 Mg matrix resulting in forming a lubricating layer between sliding surfaces. 相似文献