Moisture influence on fungal growth in black pepper

The moisture content at which fungal growth proliferated on black pepper was determined at different relative humidities. At 18% moisture content, fungal growth occurred but this was not recorded at the next lower moisture content of 13.9%. Microscopic examination of infected fresh green pepper showed the presence of species of Trichothecium, Colletotrichum and Fusarium. In black pepper, species of Aspergilli and Penicillium were observed.     

The economics of energy efficiency for the poor—a South African case study

South Africa’s Reconstruction and Development Programme set ambitious goals for providing basic services to all, including housing and electrification. More efficient use of energy has the potential to socially and politically support these goals, particularly when it is targeted at low-income communities lacking adequate energy services. This paper examines the economics of energy efficiency for the urban poor from the perspective of society, utilities and poor consumers, using five example programmes. While the five energy efficiency programmes generally have significant economic and environmental benefits from a social perspective, they may not be as attractive to utilities and consumers. Also examined are the policy options for overcoming the significant barriers to energy efficiency, and ways government can bridge the gap between what is good for society and what is good for the electricity industry.     

Mannitol and oligosaccharides as new criteria for determining cold tolerance in sugarcane varieties

Sugarcane can be very susceptible to damage by freezes. Freeze-deteriorated cane can cause problems in processing and sometimes leads to a factory shut-down. This study was undertaken during the 2000/2001 harvest season to assess the cold tolerance performance of six commercial sugarcane varieties and to establish new and more sensitive criteria to measure cold tolerance. Two varieties CP 70-321 and CP 79-318, with known cold tolerance, were planted in the study as controls. The other varieties included LHo 83-153, LCP 85-384, HoCP 85-845 and HoCP 91-555. Freezing temperatures occurred on 20 December 2000 when the min. field temperature was −4.4 °C, and again on 21 December, 30 December through 5 January 2001, 9–10 January and 20–21 January. The lowest field temperature recorded was −5.6 °C on 4 January. Freezing conditions prevailed for 8–15 h during each freeze incident. Stalks of all varieties were frozen to the ground following the initial freeze, with freeze cracks evident only after the 4 January freeze. For this study, samples were taken on the date of the first freeze, 20 December, and subsequently again at 7, 14, 22 and 30 days after the first freeze. Criteria used to measure overall stalk cold-tolerance included changes in pH, Brix, dextran (ASI-II method), sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations. Mannitol, ethanol and the oligosaccharides, palatinose, leucrose, iso-maltotriose and 1-kestose, were simultaneuously measured using IC-IPAD. Marked differences were observed in most criteria for all varieties, particularly 22 and 30 days after the first freeze. Mannitol was strongly correlated (r²=0.84) with dextran, confirming its use as an indicator for cane dextran deterioration. In comparison, ethanol was only weakly correlated (r²=0.55) with dextran and did not always predict cane dextran deterioration. Iso maltotriose was the most sensitive oligosaccharide indicator of freeze deterioration, although both leucrose and palatinose could be used to confirm whether severe dextran formation (>1500 ppm/Brix) has occurred in cane. Isomaltotriose was strongly correlated (r²=0.89) with dextran and pH (r²=−0.83); pH was also a strong indicator of both dextran (r²=−0.85) and mannitol (r²=−0.92) formation. Four of the varieties, CP 79-318, LCP 85-384, HoCP 85-845 and HoCP 91-555, were shown to be susceptible to other sources of microbial and enzymic deterioration as well as dextran deterioration from Leuconostoc bacteria, especially 30 days after the first freeze. This was indicated by increased glucose/fructose ratios, ethanol formation, changes in 1-kestose concentration, and further sucrose losses.     

Brokers and bricoleurs: entrepreneurship in Wales' online music scene

 The power of some new entrants to the music industry derives from their position as brokers in computer-mediated environments. Brokers act instrumentally to exploit their position within a network which, in turn, depends on their ability to build and sustain links (and, in computer-mediated environments, hyperlinks). Bricolage in computer-mediated entrepreneurship refers to the intuitive manipulation of resources in order to achieve (perhaps tacit) goals. Without careful stewardship of the new intellectual wealth thus created, bricolage may profit neither the individual nor the wider community. Accepted 14 March 2002     

Nanogoldpharmaceutics (i) The use of colloidal gold to treat experimentally-induced arthritis in rat models; (ii) Characterization of the gold in Swarna bhasma, a microparticulate used in traditional Indian medicine

Nanosized gold particles (27 +/− 3 nm) have been proven to be effective in ameliorating the symptoms of mycobacterial-, collagen- and pristane-induced arthritis in rat models. This contrasts with the drug sodium aurothiomalate that was only effective against mycobacterial-induced arthritis but not to the same extent as Au⁰. Gold in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine,Swarna bhasma (gold ash), has been characterized as globular particles of gold with an average size of 56–57 nm.     

Quantitation of volatile compounds in heated triolein by static headspace capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry

Static headspace and capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry were used to collect, separate, identify and quantitate the oxidative and thermal decomposition products in heated triolein. Approximately 4 L of triolein was heated in a deep-fat fryer at 190°C for 12 h each day for a total of 60 h, until it contained>-20% polymeric material. The concentration of heptane and octane increased after 12 h heating, then decreased upon further heating, while the concentration of volatile aldehydes decreased gradually during heating. After 12 h of heating, the concentrations of the major volatiles changed as follows: heptane (16.36 to 30.17 ppm), octane (24.48 to 40.77 ppm), heptanal (21.68 ppm to 9.11 ppm), octanal (35.53 to 36.64 ppm), nonanal (68.95 to 43.16 ppm), (E)-2-decenal (135.00 to 89.00 ppm) and (E)-2-undecenal (88.50 to 61.00 ppm). After 60 h of heating, when the oil contained over 20% polymeric material, the concentrations of heptane, octane, heptanal, octanol, nonanal, (E)-2-decenal and (E)-2-undecenal were 5.16, 4.39, 5.45, 7.02, 18.07, 12.50 and 6.00 ppm, respectively.     

Effect of qualitative and quantitative variation in allelochemicals on a generalist insect: Iridoid glycosides and the southern armyworm

The behavioral and physiological effects of plant allelochemicals have been difficult to demonstrate; it is not often clear whether the compounds are deterrent, toxic, or both. In this study, we compared the qualitative and quantitative effects of several iridoid glycosides on a generalist lepidopteran herbivore,Spodoptera eridania (Noctuidae). Larval growth and survivorship and larval preference or avoidance were measured on artificial diets containing different iridoid glycosides at different concentrations. We also tested the toxicity/deterrence of these compounds. We found that iridoid glycosides retarded larval growth significantly at relatively low concentrations and that they were usually avoided in preference tests. The toxicity/ deterrence test did not always reflect the results of these other tests. The merits of using a variety of methods for determining deterrence and/or toxicity of plant allelochemicals are discussed.     

Response of generalist and specialist insects to qualitative allelochemical variation

We examined the effects of a set of four biosynthetically related iridoid glycosides, aucubin, catalpol, loganin, and asperuloside, on larvae of a generalist,Lymantria dispar (Lymantriidae), the gypsy moth, and an adapted specialist, the buckeye,Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae). In general,L. dispar grew and survived significantly less well on artificial diets containing iridoid glycoside, compared to a control diet without iridoid glycosides. In choice tests, previous exposure to a diet containing iridoid glycosides caused larvae subsequently to prefer iridoid glycoside-containing diets even though they were detrimental to growth and survival. In contrast,J coenia larvae grew and survived better on diets with aucubin and catalpol, the two iridoid glycosides found in the host plantPlantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), than on diets with no iridoid glycoside or with loganin and asperuloside. The results of choice tests of diets with and without iridoid glycosides and between diets with different iridoid glycosides reflected these differences as well. These results are discussed in terms of (1) differences between generalists and specialists in their response to qualitative variation in plant allelochemical content, (2) the induction of feeding preferences, and (3) the evolution of qualitative allelochemical variation as a plant defense.     

“危机，什么危机？”

8月中旬当美国大型投资机构Sentinel停止投资者抽离资金时，它的理由是市场出现了“恐慌”。毫无疑问：近日全球市场剧烈震荡，导致金融界某些领域的危机感日益加剧。[第一段]