The discrete-time maximum principle : a survey and some new results

In this paper we present a review of the development of the discrete maximum principle. In the presentation, the emphasis is on a geometrical interpretation. The crucial assumptions in the theory developed are pointed out, and the attempts to overcome the limitation in the resulting theorems ore exposed. Following the review, we present a new approach to optimization of the multi-stage optimization problems called the ’ upper boundary approach ’. The classical methods of solving this problem are shown to fit smoothly into the new approach. Moreover, using this approach a number of new results have been developed, among these a new generalized version of the discrete maximum principle. The new version does not require the assumption of directional convexity.     

Assimilate transport in grapevines -effect of phloem disruption

Assimilate translocation in mature grapevines (cv. Gewürztraminer and cv. Harslevelü) under field conditions was investigated during the growth season by quantifying individual sugars and organic acids in mature leaves, shoot bark and berries, as affected by girdling the shoot just above the bunches. Tissue was sampled at berry set, pea size, veraison and ripeness stages of the vine. Invertase activity was determined in the shoot bark at ripeness. In the leaves, malic acid concentrations reached lowest levels at pea size, but increased thereafter. Tartaric acid decreased after peaking at pea size stage. Tartaric acid concentrations increased with girdling. Despite the increase in leaf age, sucrose concentrations remained virtually stable during the season, emphasising the importance of mature leaves for nourishing bunches. Girdling resulted in a build‐up of sucrose in the leaves. In the bark, malic and tartaric acid stayed more or less the same during the growth period, but increased above the girdle. As a result of phloem disruption, sucrose also increased. The increase in glucose and tartaric acid is believed to result from catabolic cleavage of sucrose by invertase. Invertase activity was evident in the bark (of mature Harslevelü vines) at ripeness, which may indicate involvement in osmotic adjustments and gradients in the bark/phloem structure. In the berries, malic and tartaric acids reached peak concentrations at pea size. The volume increase during the ripening period, and in the case of malic acid also respiratory loss, resulted in a decrease in organic acid concentration. Malic acid continued to decrease after the initial decline, whereas tartaric acid stayed virtually stable. Girdling had no marked effect on organic acid accumulation in the berries. Sucrose concentrations were low during the first part of the season, but increased thereafter. Sucrose concentrations during ripening increased with girdling, which may represent a concentration effect and/or import from the rest of the vine. Sucrose concentrations (in mature Harslevelü vines) were indeed lower below than above the girdle. Comparison of sucrose concentrations in the leaves, bark and berries showed the existence of a decreasing concentration gradient, in line with the source:sink transport concept. An equally prominent decrease in sucrose:glucose ratio in the berries from the start of the ripening period indicates that vacuolar integrity (compartmentation) was affected in the ripening berry, most probably allowing hydrolysis of sucrose by invertase and decreasing osmotic potential within the berry. The results provide further evidence for the hypothesis of an osmotic gradient driven transport to the berry.     

Dilatation Behavior of Two Differently Heat-Treated Commercial Magnesia-Partially-Stabilized Zirconias

The dilatation behavior of two grades of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) was determined. ZN 40 is a material which contains 40% to 50% t -ZrO₂ particles, and has a reproducible dilatometric behavior up to 900°C. ZN 50 is a Mg-PSZ containing 20% to 30% of the monoclinic phase. The cyclic dilatation curves show an unstable hysteresis effect which arises from the tetragonal-monoclinic phase transformation.     

分子束外延Pb1—xEuxTe材料的红外透射谱研究

在2.5～25μm范围内测量了分子束外延(MBE)Pb_(1-x)Eu_xTe薄膜材料(x=0,0.011,0.032,0.045)的室温红外透射谱,得到了折射率的色散关系及禁带宽度与组份x的关系,首次报道了禁带宽度与光学介电常数的经验公式,讨论了本文结果与其它报道的不同之处。     

谐综合凸轮在间歇运动机构中的应用

提出用谐综合法设计凸轮间歇运动机构的凸轮廓线,可以减低步进段激振造成的停歇段余振响应,从而提高凸轮间歇运动机构的许用转速。对设计方法进行了详细讨论,并有应用计算分析。