Lithium Chloride as a Preferred Extractant of Fish Muscle Proteins

Lithium chloride yielded better extraction of fish muscle protein than sodium or potassium chloride under most conditions. In addition, constancy of extracted protein was better with lithium compared to potassium or sodium chlorides with respect to blending time, salt concentration, pH, temperature and foaming. With stored red hake muscle, LiCl was superior to NaCl with better extractability of protein and more linear reduction of extractability with storage time. Evidence indicated the superior performance of lithium compared to sodium was due to stabilization by lithium chloride of fish proteins towards denaturation.     

EFFECT OF VARIOUS ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF ACID AND ALKALI SOLUBILIZED MUSCLE PROTEIN ISOLATES

Protein isolates prepared from cod ( Gadus morhua ) myofibrillar proteins using acid or alkali solubilization are susceptible to oxidative rancidity. Oxidation could be delayed by the exogenous addition of antioxidants. The objective of this research was to compare the efficacy of antioxidants such as δ-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate, to inhibit oxidation in acid- and alkali- solubilized cod protein isolates. Oxidation was catalyzed using cod hemolysate. Oxidation of lipids was monitored by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and painty odor. Results showed that protein isolates prepared using the acid process was significantly ( P <  0.05) more susceptible to lipid oxidation than alkali-solubilized protein isolates. Regardless of pH treatments, the efficacy of various antioxidants decreased in the order propyl gallate  >  BHA  >  δ-tocopherol.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Research has shown that seafood available for human consumption is rapidly getting depleted and that many fish species may become extinct in the next half-century or so. Acid and alkali solubilization methods are recent but well-known techniques used for preparing protein isolates from under-utilized aquatic species and the by-products of seafood industry. Although numerous researchers have studied the use of acid and alkali processes on several sources of seafood, almost no research has been done on the use of antioxidants to protect protein isolates from lipid oxidation. In our research, we have studied the effect of various antioxidants on the oxidative stability of acid- and alkali-solubilized fish myofibrillar proteins. The results from this work will enable the seafood industry to properly identify the process and the type of antioxidants required for making muscle food products with increased oxidative stability.     

Effects of Packaging Method, Display Light and Storage Time On The Microbial Growth and Rancidity of Fresh Pork

Effects of display light, packaging methods and storage time on total aerobic, lipolytic and proteolytic counts and oxidative rancidity of fresh pork stored at 2 ± 1° C were studied at the initial, 7th, 14th and 21st day of storage. Display light significantly increased the total aerobic psychrotroph count. Effects on lipolytic and proteolytic psychiotroph counts were not significant. No anaerobic psychrotrophs were encountered. Total and proteolytic counts of PVC film overwrapped chops and proteolytic and lipolytic psychrotroph counts of chops vacuum packaged accelerated linearly with time. Increases in lipolytic psychrotroph count of PVC packaged and total aerobic psychrotroph count of vacuum packaged chops were quadratic. TBA number and rancid odor scores were not significantly affected by treatments.     

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF THE THWARTING-DISORIENTATION THEORY OF SUICIDE.

A CROSS-CULTURAL SURVEY OF 58 CULTURES INVESTIGATED THE THWARTING-DISORIENTATION THEORY OF SUICIDE. HYPOTHESIZED THAT SUICIDE TAKES PLACE IN CONTEXTS IN WHICH A PERSON'S SOCIAL TIES ARE DISRUPTED OR THREATENED WITH DISRUPTION BY THE DISCRETIONARY ACTS OF HIMSELF OR SOMEONE ELSE. ALSO, IT WAS POSITED THAT THE MORE OPPORTUNITIES THAT A SOCIETY PROVIDES FOR THE OCCURRENCE OF THWARTING DISORIENTATION, THE GREATER WOULD BE ITS SUICIDE RATE. EVIDENCE CONFIRMING THESE HYPOTHESES WAS OBTAINED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Comparison of Dogfish and Bovine Chymotrypsins in Relation to Protein Hydrolysis

An extracellular protease, chymotrypsin, from a low temperature-adapted poikilotherm (dogfish) was compared with the bovine enzyme against several protein substrates to determine potential advantages in the use of an enzyme adapted to functioning in a low temperature environment. In general, the dogfish enzyme showed a higher rate of reaction and hydrolyzed more peptide bonds than did the bovine enzyme whether the substrates were soluble or insoluble proteins. Dogfish chymotrypsin was slow to produce clotting of milk, but once formed the clot had good stability. The bovine enzyme was more efficient in incorporating methionine into soy protein in a piasteintype reaction.     

An initial evaluation of the detection and diagnosis of power plant faults using a deep knowledge representation of physical behaviour

Abstract: This paper describes an initial evaluation of a deep knowledge representation technique called Incremental Qualitative Analysis (IQA) to assess whether it is reasonably able to discriminate between different behaviours and hence different faults on a power plant. As an example the detection and diagnosis of faults in a PWR pressuriser sub-system have been implemented in Prolog and evaluated using transients from a reference computer model of a pressuriser in conjunction with an input processor. The application differs from earlier systems for diagnosing faults in electronic hardware in that it is necessary to represent external feedback, two-way components and sensor failures. The diagnosis is by synthesis and uses 'constraint satisfaction and suspension' techniques. For the present implementation all imposed faults have been successfully detected and diagnosed with reasonable determinacy, and a spurious detection has never occurred. IQA appears to be a suitable basis for knowledge-based operator aids although to produce a real-time aid appears to require more sophisticated techniques for fault detection and diagnosis, such as 'constraint propagation' and 'candidate generation". These techniques also offer the prospect of providing pseudo-causal explanations to justify their hypotheses.     

LIQUIFYING COD FISH FRAMES UNDER ACIDIC CONDITIONS WITH A FUNGAL ENZYME

An acidic protease (Newlase A from Rhizopus niveus , Amano) was evaluated as to its ability to reduce viscosity of ground cod fish frames without excessive hydrolysis. Newlase A had an optimal pH of 3.5 and an optimal temperature of 60C with Azocoll as substrate. the enzyme was more stable in the ground fish mixture at pH 3.5 than it was in citrate:phosphate buffer of the same pH. the enzyme hydrolyzed the fish proteins more extensively and decreased the viscosity of the ground fish more between 40–50C over an extended time period than at its optimal temperature of 60C. It is likely that the lower optimal temperature under these conditions is related to its greater stability at the lower temperatures. the energy of activation of the deactivation of the enzyme was 44.5 Kcal per mol-degree. Over a period of 75 min at 45C there was a decrease in viscosity of the ground fish with added enzyme of some two orders of magnitude. After a 3-h incubation, total soluble protein increased from 30% to 48%; the amount of each molecular size fraction produced decreased in the following order: 1–3, < 10, < 1, and 3–10 kdaltons.     

"OPENNESS" AS A DIMENSION OF PROJECTIVE TEST RESPONSES.

ATTEMPTS TO ASSESS THE DEGREE TO WHICH CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION AFFECTS SS' OPENNESS ON PROJECTIVE TESTS. THE INFLUENCE OF STIMULUS VARIATION IS ALSO EXAMINED. USING ROLE-PLAYING INSTRUCTIONS, 31 UNDERGRADUATE SS WERE DIRECTED TO TELL PERSONALLY REVEALING STORIES TO 6 TAT CARDS; 29 OTHERS WROTE GUARDED STORIES. RATINGS OF THE STORIES BY JUDGES USING A MANUAL OF OPENNESS INDICATED THAT SS CAN SUCCESSFULLY CONTROL THIS FACET OF TAT PERFORMANCE AND THAT JUDGES CAN OBJECTIVELY EVALUATE AN S'S INTENT. DEGREE OF ASSESSED OPENNESS IS SHOWN TO BE RELATED TO DIFFERENCES IN TAT CARDS AND ALSO TO THE S'S SEX. IMPLICATIONS FOR USE OF PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES AND FURTHER RESEARCH ARE DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A SUBGROUP OF SS WHO, WHILE INSTRUCTED TO BE GUARDED, WROTE STORIES RATED AS OPEN. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)