Auswahl und Betrieb von Brüdenverdichtern in chemischen Produktionsanlagen

Choice and operation of vapour compressors in chemical production plant . The use of vapour compressors for evaporation, distillation processes and also for more complex processes has increased greatly due to the large increases in energy costs in the past. Generally, high speed radial compressors are used for these applications. Recommended operating ranges, investment costs as well as efficiencies at different compression ratios are explained, based on experience gained in technical application and manufacturers information. The example of combining a separation column and an evaporation step shows that not only a saving of energy, but also a significant reduction of waste water generation is achieved. The control strategy for a process having several recycle flow streams is explained. Based on operating experience, recommendations for field monitoring of the compressor are given.     

Temperature Dependence of Optical Spectra of C60 Thin Films

Abstract

We examine the temperature-induced changes of the optical spectra of thin C₆₀ films deposited on silicon and gold. We have used thermoreflectance to study the spectral response of the lowest electronic states. We have found strong effects related to the phase transition and freezing of the rotations of C₆₀ molecules upon cooling.     

Iodine-129 in soils from Northern Ukraine and the retrospective dosimetry of the iodine-131 exposure after the Chernobyl accident

Forty-eight soil profiles down to a depth of 40 cm were taken in Russia and Ukraine in 1995 and 1997, respectively, in order to investigate the feasibility of retrospective dosimetry of the 131I exposure after the Chernobyl accident via the long-lived 129I. The sampling sites covered areas almost not affected by fallout from the Chernobyl accident such as Moscow/Russia and the Zhitomir district in Ukraine as well as the highly contaminated Korosten and Narodici districts in Ukraine. 129I was analyzed by radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). 127I was measured for some profiles by RNAA or ion chromatography (IC). The results for 127I demonstrated large differences in the capabilities of the soils to store iodine over long time spans. The depth profiles of 129I and of 137Cs showed large differences in the migration behavior between the two nuclides but also for each nuclide among the different sampling sites. Though it cannot be quantified how much 129I and 137Cs was lost out of the soil columns into deeper depths, the inventories in the columns were taken as proxies for the total inventories. For 129I, these inventories were at least three orders of magnitude higher than a pre-nuclear value of 0.084+/-0.017 mBq m(-2) derived from a soil profile taken in 1939 in Lutovinovo/Russia. From the samples from Moscow and Zhitomir, a pre-Chernobyl 129I inventory of (44+/-24) mBq m(-2) was determined, limiting the feasibility of 129I retrospective dosimetry to areas where the 129I inventories exceed 100 mBq m(-2). Higher average 129I inventories in the Korosten and Narodici districts of 130 and 848 mBq m(-2), respectively, allowed determination of the 129I fallout due to the Chernobyl accident. Based on the total 129I inventories and on literature data for the atomic ratio of 129I/131I=13.6+/-2.8 for the Chernobyl emissions and on aggregated dose coefficients for 131I, the thyroid exposure due to 131I after the Chernobyl accident was estimated for the inhabitants of four villages in the Korosten and of three villages in the Narodici districts. The limitations and uncertainties of the 129I retrospective dosimetry are discussed.