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1.
Number entry is a ubiquitous activity and is often performed in safety- and mission-critical procedures, such as healthcare, science, finance, aviation and in many other areas. We show that Monte Carlo methods can quickly and easily compare the reliability of different number entry systems. A surprising finding is that many common, widely used systems are defective, and induce unnecessary human error. We show that Monte Carlo methods enable designers to explore the implications of normal and unexpected operator behaviour, and to design systems to be more resilient to use error. We demonstrate novel designs with improved resilience, implying that the common problems identified and the errors they induce are avoidable. 相似文献
2.
Techniques for improving the reliability and maintainability of both nonrepairable and repairable items can be suggested by failure data analysis. It is shown that a given set of failure numbers leads to very different improvement strategies when the numbers are the times-between-successive-failures of one or more repairable items, rather than the times-to-failure of nonrepairable items. Since this should have been obvious more than 50 years ago, at the onset of formal reliability engineering activities, several reasons are proffered for the widespread and protracted misinterpretation of even the most basic—and simple!—conceptual and practical differences between nonrepairable and repairable items. 相似文献
3.
The energy interaction curves of a number of diatomic and polyatomic dication systems were calculated in order to study their energy-trapping properties. Generally, the ab initio complete active space multiconfiguration self-consistent field method was used in an extended valence + polarization basis set, with compact effective potentials replacing the core electrons. The diatomic dications include all ten possible binary combinations of oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. O22+ shows the largest exothermicity, measured from equilibrium to the monocation combination asymptote, and highest barrier to dissociation. The calculated equilibrium bond length and harmonic vibrational frequency agree very well with experiment. The O22+, SO2+, SeO2+, and TeO2+ series show progressively decreasing exothermicities but similar barrier heights. The non-oxides, in contrast, show similar exothermicities but decreasing barriers with increasing size of the atom constituents. These trends are interpreted in terms of both valence bond curve-crossing and molecular orbital bonding models. The ozone dication, O32+, is found to have a number of low-lying singlet and triplet stationary state structures spanning near-linear to D3h2+ symmetries. Although the calculated exothermicity is even larger than for O22+, the barrier to O2+ + O+ dissociation is predicted to be low in each case. O22+ surrounded by six argon atoms to model an isolating environment shows increased equilibrium O–O bond length, decreased exothermicity, and increased barrier to dissociation, relative to the bare dication. O22+ flanked at each end by a perpendicularly oriented H2 molecule in a staggered conformation is obstructed from direct conversion to the water dimer dication by a high barrier. However, [(H2O)2]2+ dissociates smoothly from equilibrium to two water monocations with a large exothermicity but a small barrier. 相似文献
4.
In CFD simulation of diesel combustion, the predictive capabilities of the spray model play the most important role. Consequently, under the strict guidelines of the V&V, a method to adjust parameters of diesel spray model WAVE to accompany with the in-cylinder physical progress has been investigated in this paper. Moreover, the simulation of the spray has been validated by high-speed photography experiments and verified by the equation proposed by Hiroyasu. Finally, a modified setup for the WAVE spray model has been proposed and applied in the spray and combustion simulation for Deutz1013 diesel in different engine speed. 相似文献
5.
Whereas cooperative effect in catalysis, in which multiple chemical interactions participate cooperatively to achieve significant enhancement in catalytic activity and/or selectivity, is common in enzymatic reactions, it has been sparingly employed in heterogeneous catalytic systems. Here, some recent literature examples of abiotic catalysis, with emphasis on heterogeneous systems, that employ cooperation between acid and base and two metal centers are briefly described to demonstrate the principles involved. Since effective cooperation places strict demand on the positions of the different functional groups, new synthetic methods and strategies are needed to design and construct structures useful for cooperative catalysis. Recent progress in our laboratory in synthesizing new nanocage structures that possess molecular-size cavities, atomic layer thick, porous shells with internal functional groups is described. These recent developments suggest possibilities of new catalytic transformations that have not been attempted before. This is illustrated with two speculative examples utilizing cooperative catalysis: oxidative hydrolytic desulfurization and terminal carbon activation of hydrocarbon molecules. 相似文献
6.
In this paper the effects of EPM long chain branching are examined in terms of reheological, processing, and physical property responses in mechanically blended TPOs. Morphological effects induced by this polymer variable as indicated by SEM are detailed as well. The EPMs used in this study were produced by DSM Copolymer, Inc., in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 相似文献
7.
8.
It has previously been determined that (13S,9Z,11E)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid was mainly converted into (13S,9Z,11E)-13-hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid by 5 N KHO with preservation of the stereochemistry of the reactant [Simpson, T.D.,
and Gardner, H.W. (1993)Lipids 28, 325–330]. In addition, about 20–25% of the reactant was converted into several unknown by-products. In the present work
it was confirmed that the stereochemistry was conserved during the hydroperoxy-diene to hydroxydiene transformation, but also,
novel by-products were identified. It was found that after only 40 min reaction (9Z)-13-oxo-trans-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid accumulated to as much as 7% of the total. Later, (9Z)-13-oxo-trans-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid began to disappear, and several other compounds continued to increase in yield. Two of these
compounds, 2-butyl-3,5-tetradecadienedioic acid and 2-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-tetradecenedioic acid, were shown to originate from
(9Z)-13-oxo-trans-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, and they accumulated up to 2–3% each after 4 to 6 h. Some other lesser products included
11-hydroxy-9,12-heptadecadienoic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-tridecenedioic acid, 13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid and 12,13-epoxy-11-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic
acid. Except for the latter two, most or all of the compounds could have originated from Favorskii rearrangement of the early
product, (9Z)-13-oxo-trans-11,12-epoxy-9-octadecenoic acid, through a cyclopropanone intermediate. 相似文献
9.
Aliphatic polybenzoxazoles, polybenzothiazoles, and polybenzimidazoles have been prepared by three methods: in poly(phosphoric acid), by the polyamide precursor, and by melt polymerization. The melt polymerization method was found to be the most satisfactory. All of the aliphatic heterocyclic polymers had excellent thermal stability, resistance to alkaline hydrolysis, high glass transition temperatures, and a high degree of flexibility. The only class of polymer found having any degree of solubility, however, was the polybenzimidazoles. Aliphatic polybenzimidazole films were prepared by solution casting. These films were found to be extremely flexible at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. The films were unaffected by alkaline hydrolysis, even in an oxidizing medium. A molding prepared from the aliphatic polybenzimidazole had excellent physical properties at both cryogenic and room temperature. 相似文献
10.
Semih Eser Robert G. Jenkins Guangquan Wei Harold H. Schobert Joseph T. Joseph 《Fuel》1991,70(12):1445-1455
High pressure microdilatometer experiments were performed on a subbituminous (Wyodak) and a bituminous (Illinois no. 6) coal in helium and hydrogen atmospheres with and without added tetralin. Wyodak coal samples showed no swelling but contractions ranging between 24 and 40 vol% upon heating at 20 and 100 °C min− 1 under helium or hydrogen pressures between 150 and 1000 psig (˜1.0–6.9 MPa). Under the same conditions, Illinois no. 6 coals displayed contractions (25–60 vol%) prior to swelling up to 117 vol%. Upon tetralin addition (at 35–190 wt% of the coal), Wyodak coal samples did not swell but showed an increasing contraction with increasing helium or hydrogen pressure due to a slight softening and fusion of the coal particles. In contrast, addition of tetralin at much lower concentrations (5–35 wt%) had a marked effect on the contraction and swelling behaviour of Illinois no. 6. A maximum swelling of 200 vol% was obtained at a tetralin addition of 30 wt%. The increased swelling results from more extensive softening and fusion of coal particles in the presence of tetralin. Both coals showed a decreasing char yield with increasing tetralin concentration. The substantially lower extent of interaction observed between Wyodak coal samples and tetralin compared to Illinois no. 6 coal can be attributed to the differences in pore structure and/or chemical constitution of the two coal samples. Examination of the resultant solids by optical microscopy revealed the microstructural changes produced by thermal treatment in dilatometer experiments. 相似文献