From Neweul to Neweul-M<Superscript>2</Superscript>: symbolical equations of motion for multibody system analysis and synthesis

The state-of-the-art for deriving symbolical equations of motion for multibody systems is reviewed. The fundamentals of formalisms based on Newton–Euler equations are presented and the recent development of a research software called Neweul-M² is highlighted. The modeling approach with commands and a graphical user interface are discussed as well as system analysis options, control design by export to Matlab/Simulink, and parameter optimization for system synthesis. The alternatives within the program using symbolic and numeric approaches are emphasized. A double pendulum is used to explain the program features and a vehicle benchmark model is presented as an example. Advanced applications include closed kinematic loops and flexible bodies.     

Compact extended algorithms for elliptic integrals inelectromagnetic field and potential computations. II. Elliptic integralof third kind with extended integration range

Electromagnetic field and potential computations on elements with curved contours in boundary and volume integral methods (BEM, VIM) require evaluation of a number of Jacobian complete and/or incomplete elliptic integrals of all the three kinds for the same modulus but different angles depending upon the arc length and the angle coordinate of the field point. Up to now they have been evaluated individually repeating the same algorithms a number of times. To reduce such redundant computations, as in Part I for elliptic integrals of first and second kind, a new compact algorithm based on Bartky's transformation is developed in the present paper for the elliptic integral of third kind with an extended integration range -π⩽a⩽π. Computational accuracy and time-saving are discussed     

Analysis of computational problems expressing the overall uncertainties: photons, neutrons and electrons

In the frame of the EU Coordination Action CONRAD (coordinated network for radiation dosimetry), WP4 was dedicated to work on computational dosimetry with an action entitled 'Uncertainty assessment in computational dosimetry: an intercomparison of approaches'. Participants attempted one or more of eight problems. This paper presents the results from problems 4-8-dealing with the overall uncertainty budget estimate; a short overview of each problem is presented together with a discussion of the most significant results and conclusions. The scope of the problems discussed here are: the study of a (137)Cs calibration irradiator; the manganese bath technique; the iron sphere experiment using neutron time-of-flight technique; the energy response of a RADFET detector and finally the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for the recoil-proton telescope discussed in the companion paper.     

Trans fatty acids in margarines and shortenings marketed in Austria

Margarines and shortenings available in Austria were repeatedly sampled in 1991/1992 and the content oftrans fatty acids (TFA) determined by using capillary GLC. Wide variations of the TFA contents with respect to intra- and inter-brand differences were observed. Diet margarines contained up to 1% TFA, while TFA concentrations in tub or stick margarines were much higher (15.7±5.8% and 21.3±5.3%, respectively). A sub-set of samples was also purchased in 1995 and a general reduction of the TFA content was noticed. Taking into account different market shares of certain margarine types, a weighted average of 15.7% TFA and 6.5% TFA was calculated for the 1991/1992 and the 1995 samples. Based on availability data the amount of TFA supplied with margarines was estimated to be 3.7 g per person per day, while a more accurate method of measuring dietary intakes, i.e. diet history and food frequency data, approximates the amount of TFA supplied with margarines to be 1.5 g per person per day for the 1991/1992 samples and 0.6 g for the 1995 samples.     

Management development: preparing nurse managers for the future. Part 1, Program model

Nurse executives need to develop programs to help nurse managers meet rapidly changing role expectations and prepare for new healthcare challenges. This two-part series reports on one such program for nurse managers at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Part 1 describes the program model, its conceptual framework, and its various components. Part 2 will present an in-depth evaluation of the program and recommendations for future development.     

One-step extraction/methylation method for determining the fatty acid composition of processed foods

In a one-step extraction/methylation (OSM) method for determining individual fatty acids (FA) in processed food products, freeze-dried samples, containing 10–50 mg fat, were transmethylated without prior fat extraction with a mixture of methanol-HCl/toluene. After washing the organic phase the formed FA methyl esters were ready for separation by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The relative standard deviation for total FA content was <3.5%, regardless of the food type analyzed. Furthermore, the FA composition of selected fatty foods as obtained by the OSM procedure was almost identical with the FA composition of the pure fats extracted by the Soxhlet procedure and with chloroform-methanol, respectively. The OSM method is inexpensive and simple to perform and is, therefore, well suited for nutrient labeling studies, especially in situations where many samples have to be analyzed for their total FA content.     

Crystallization kinetics of Mo-N

Thin film samples of molybdenum were electron-beam evaporated at 80 K in a 6.6×10^–4 Pa partial pressure of nitrogen and subsequently analysed for structure, superconductivity and crystallization behaviour. X-ray diffraction of as-deposited samples showed a typical amorphous structure and fcc and bcc phases upon heating. A superconducting transformation at 7.0 to 7.2 K was detected by the resistivity technique. Isothermal DSC scans obtained for a range of temperatures were calibrated and integrated to produce transformed volume (x)-time data. All plots of In [-In (1–x)] against Int have two linear regions with slopes ofn ₁3.6 for 0<x<0.5 andn ₂ 2.0 for 0.7<x<1; wheren is the principal parameter in the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami theory of the crystallization transformation. The relationship of this binary pattern of crystallization to the observation of two apparent crystallization peaks in dynamic DSC scans of several samples of electron-beam deposited Mo-N and to the appearance of both Mo-bcc and Mo₂N-fcc phases in the X-ray patterns of the crystallized samples is discussed. Possible patterns of simultaneous or successive modes of nucleation and growth, including combinations of varying nucleation rates, different dimensionals of growth, and interfacial and diffusion controlled growth, are considered.     

The Performance of Small‐Pore Microporous Aluminophosphates in Low‐Temperature Solar Energy Storage: The Structure–Property Relationship

The utilization of the reversible chemical and physical sorption of water on solids provides a new thermal energy storage concept with a great potential for lossless long‐term storage. The performance of microporous aluminophosphates in heat storage applications is highlighted by a comparative thermogravimetric and calorimetric study of three known materials (SAPO‐34, AlPO₄‐18, APO‐Tric) and is correlated with their structural features. The maximum water sorption capacity is similar for all three samples and results in a stored energy density of 240 kWh m^?3 in the 40–140 °C range. The elemental composition influences the gradual (silicoaluminophosphate SAPO‐34) or sudden (aluminophosphates AlPO₄‐18, APO‐Tric) water uptake, with the latter being favourable in storage systems. The driving force for the determined sorption process is the formation of highly ordered water clusters in the pores, which is enabled by rapid and reversible changes in the Al coordination and optimal pore diameters. The ease with which changes in the Al coordination can occur in APO‐Tric is related to the use of the fluoride route in the synthesis. The understanding of these fundamental structure/sorption relationships forms an excellent basis for predicting the storage potential of numerous known or new microporous aluminophosphates and other porous materials from their crystal structures.