Conductivities and some other properties of oxymethylene-linked 2-vinylpyridine-oxyethylene multiblock copolymers

Oxymethylene-linked 2-vinylpyridine-oxyethylene (2VP-EO) mulitblock copolymers doped with LiClO₄ or/and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) showed ionic electronic and mixed (ionic-electronic) conductivity. Effects of the poly(oxyethylene) content and of the molar ratios of EO/Li and TCNQ/2VP on the conductivities of the complexes were studied. The optimum molar ratios of EO/Li and TCNQ/2VP were 10 and 1.0, respectively. The copolymers emulsified benzene/water systems and exhibited good phase-transfer catalysis properties in the Williamson reaction of solid potassium phenolate with n-butyl bromide. After neutralization with HCI solution, the copolymers showed polyelectrolyte solution properties.     

Direct synthesis of electrorheological suspension containing salt of poly(methacrylic acid) and its electrorheological effect

Colloidal suspensions containing salts of poly(methacrylic acid) which exhibit high electrorheological (ER) activity were synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization. Factors influencing the ER effect were studied. The results showed that maximum yield stress occurred at optimum amounts of both polymeric stabilizer and crosslinking agent used in the inverse emulsion polymerization as well as a certain water content of the particles, while yield stress increased with electric field strength, average diameter of the particles below 0.9 μm, or the molar ratio of the salt to the acid. The ER activity for the suspensions containing different monovalent counter ions decreased in the following order: Li⁺ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > NH₄⁺. The phenomena were discussed with the ionic polarization mechanism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

In Vitro Antimetastatic Effect of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitor ZSTK474 on Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells

Tumor metastasis is the main cause of lethality of prostate cancer, because conventional therapies like surgery and hormone treatment rarely work at this stage. Tumor cell migration, invasion and adhesion are necessary processes for metastasis. By providing nutrition and an escape route from the primary site, angiogenesis is also required for tumor metastasis. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are well known to play important roles in tumorigenesis as well as metastasis. ZSTK474 is a specific PI3K inhibitor developed for solid tumor therapy. In the present report, antimetastatic activities of ZSTK474 were investigated in vitro by determining the effects on the main metastatic processes. ZSTK474 exhibited inhibitory effects on migration, invasion and adhesive ability of prostate cancer PC3 cells. Furthermore, ZSTK474 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt substrate-Girdin, and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), both of which were reported to be closely involved in migration and invasion. On the other hand, ZSTK474 inhibited the expression of HIF-1α and the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting its potential antiangiogenic activity on PC3 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated the antiangiogenesis by determining the effect of ZSTK474-reduced VEGF on tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In conclusion, ZSTK474 was demonstrated to have potential in vitro antimetastatic effects on PC3 cells via dual mechanisms: inhibition of metastatic processes including cell migration, invasion and adhesion, and antiangiogenesis via blockade of VEGF secretion.     

我国进口水产品检验检疫管理体系建立的研究和思考

通过分析进口水产品检验检疫管理体系面临的主要形势和问题,研究借鉴国外特别是美、日、欧等国家和地区食品安全风险管理的经验和做法,深入思考我国进口水产品检验检疫管理体系从“被动应付型”向“主动保障型”转变,增强检验监管工作的针对性和有效性,从进口前准入、进口时检验检疫、进口后监管三个方面提出了23项应对措施和建议。     

Synthesis and properties of two kinds of amphiphilic graft copolymers with well-defined structure

Polyacrylamide with well-defined polystyrene grafts (PAM-g-PS) and poly(methacrylic acid) with well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate) grafts (PMAA-g-PMMA) were synthesized via macromer techniques. Polymerization conditions and reactivity ratios for the copolymerizations were studied. The graft copolymers were purified by extractions and characterized with IR spectra. Structural parameters of PMAA-g-PMMA were determined by measurement of number average molecular weight of both macromers and copolymers. Both kinds of the graft copolymers are amphiphilic, exhibiting good emulsifying properties. When PAM-g-PS was mixed with PMAA-g-PMMA in a molar ratio of PAM/PMAA = 1, an intermolecular complex membrane was formed. This behaves as a chemical valve; its permeability can be controlled reversibly by changing the pH value. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Influence of chemical crosslinking and hydrophobic association on thickening properties of polyacrylic acid

Polyacrylic acid thickener was synthesized by inverse emulsion polymerization. The effects of crosslinking monomer and hydrophobic comonomers with long alkyl groups on viscosity of the product in aqueous medium, electrolyte resistance and ratio of viscosities at two different shear rates were studied. The results showed that a low amount of either a crosslinking monomer or hydrophobic comonomer with a long alkyl group can raise the viscosity in aqueous medium evidently. Hexadecyl methacrylate (HM) seems more effective as a hydrophobic comonomer than dodecyl methacrylate (DM). Hydrophobically modified crosslinked thickener possesses better thickening properties than the nonassociative type crosslinked thickener. The effect of thickener concentration on viscosity and temporal behavior of aqueous viscosity were also investigated. Morphology of the particles of both types of thickeners was observed by scanning electron microscopy.     

Synthesis and characterization of oxymethylene-linked 2-vinylpyridine/oxyethylene multiblock copolymers

Oxymethylene-linked (2-vinylpyridine-oxyethylene) multiblock copolymers were prepared by coupling telechelic α,ω-dihydroxypoly(2-vinylpyridine) (THPVP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), using dichloromethane as coupling agent and KOH as catalyst. THPVP was synthesized by polymerization of 2-vinylpyridine in tetrahydrofuran/benzene using 1-methylnaphthyllithium as anionic initiator, followed by capping with ethylene oxide and termination by methanol. The effects of charging weight ratio of PEO/THPVP, copolymerization time and molecular weight of PEO or THPVP on the copolymerization were studied. The copolymers were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, membrane osmometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).     

Synthesis and properties of unsaturated polyoxyethylene and its graft copolymers with styrene

The unsaturated polyoxyethylene (PEO) was synthesized by copolymerization of ethylene oxide with allyl glycidyl ether in toluene using bimetallic-oxo-alkoxide as a catalyst. The effects of polymerization conditions on conversion and intrinsic viscosity of the copolymer were studied. The unsaturated copolymer was characterized with infrared spectra, ¹H NMR, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The relationship between crystallinity of the copolymers and conductivity of their LiClO₄ complexes were investigated. The copolymer with ∼ 65 wt % PEO content exhibits a room temperature conductivity of 1 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at a molar ratio of EO/Li = 20. The unsaturated PEO was graft-copolymerized with styrene using 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as initiator in toluene, with grafting efficiency ∼ 50%. The purified graft copolymer was characterized with infrared spectra, ¹H NMR, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and was shown to have good emulsifying properties and a phase-transfer catalytic property. LiClO₄ complex of the graft copolymer with 70 wt % PEO content exhibits a room temperature conductivity approaching 1 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at molar ratio of EO/Li = 20/1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 70: 2417–2425, 1998     

我国输美食品企业该如何应对美国食品药品监督管理局的趋严检查

近年来,随着我国输美食品的不断增长,美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)不断加强对我国输美食品生产企业的检查力度。2016年质检总局(General Administration of Quality Supervision,AQSIQ)对65家出口食品生产企业接受检查案例进行调研,发现随着2011年美国《食品安全现代法》(Food Safety Modernization Act,FSMA)的颁布,美国FDA的检查要求日趋严格,检查范围逐年扩大,对我国输美食品生产企业造成较大影响。本文通过分析美国FDA对我国输美食品生产企业的检查内容,总结该检查对企业造成的主要影响,并提出了相应的应对建议和措施,旨在提醒我国输美食品生产企业沉着应对,依据相关法律法规,制定好"人、机、料、法、环"各个环节的规章制度并严格实施,促使企业顺利通过美国FDA的现场检查,使得对美贸易更加顺畅。     

盐干海参的2种核酸提取方法比对及其分子鉴定

目的 建立盐干海参的核酸提取及其分子鉴定方法。方法 选取5种盐干海参, 采用直接处理、洗涤处理和浸泡处理3种处理方式, 比较磁珠法和离心柱法两种核酸抽提方式的提取质量, 并采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)法对提取的核酸进行分析确认。结果 同一种抽提方式不同海参处理组间核酸质量没有显著差异, 而两种抽提方式间核酸质量差异显著, 其中磁珠法提取的核酸得率高、纯度高, 而离心柱法提取的核酸得率及纯度均偏低。经PCR扩增验证, 磁珠法提取的核酸效果较佳。将扩增产物进行测序及系统进化分析发现5种海参实际种类与标注名称仿刺参存在较大差异。结论 盐干海参处理方式对核酸提取结果影响不大, 磁珠法提取核酸效果较好,单纯依靠COI和16S rRNA基因通用引物并不能对所有的海参种类进行鉴定。