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排序方式: 共有260条查询结果,搜索用时 13 毫秒
1.
The stress-whitened damage zone that formed ahead of a semicircular notch during slow tensile loading has been measured from
optical micrographs of translucent blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with experimental chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) resins.
When the zone was small, the plane strain condition applied and from the elastic stress distribution a constant mean stress
condition was found at the boundary of the crescent-shaped zone. The critical mean stress did not depend on the chlorine content
or the chlorine distribution of the experimental CPE resin used in the blend. While the critical mean stress decreased as
the amount of CPE in the blend was increased, the critical volume strain, calculated from the bulk modulus, was independent
of composition and was thought to be the controlling parameter for stress-whitening. When the zone was larger, the shape was
qualitatively described by concepts of stress redistribution in the presence of a plastic zone ahead of the notch. Macroscopic
flow and necking were only detected near the maximum in the stress-displacement curve. 相似文献
2.
Ilkka Kuorinka Hannu Alaranta Ilkka Erich 《International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics》1995,15(6):437-446
During the years 1986–1989 The Finnish Work Environment Fund initiated a multicenter, intervention study (programme) to prevent musculoskeletal disorders at work. The programme consisted of four different projects comprising methodological, epidemiological, and interventive themes. The main results were as follows: (1) More than half of the occupational physiotherapists and physicians involved in the project felt that they did not have adequate training for testing the performance capacity of the musculoskeletal system. Several of the most commonly used musculoskeletal tests had either poor validity in predicting future musculoskeletal troubles or had poor reliability. (2) A controlled intervention study showed that active training of neck-shoulder muscles can prevent musculoskeletal troubles, even more than ergonomic actions. (3) It is possible to reduce sick-leave due to low-back disorders by intervention measures directed toward both the work (environment, tools) and the workers (working methods, positive attitude to work, preparedness to keep fit). (4) The identification of ergonomic hazards with the help of teamwork proved to be feasible. The practical improvements, however, were difficult to implement in the prevailing conditions. Some of the improvements increased the work load and the stress of the workers. This aspect needs further consideration. 相似文献
3.
JL Chiasson R Gomis M Hanefeld RG Josse A Karasik M Laakso 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,21(10):1720-1725
OBJECTIVE: To describe the rationale and design, and to discuss the preliminary screening data, of the Study to Prevent NIDDM (STOP-NIDDM Trial), an international study on the efficacy of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose in preventing or delaying the development of type 2 diabetes in a population with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1,418 subjects diagnosed with IGT according to the World Health Organization's criteria and having a fasting plasma glucose concentration > or =5.6 mmol/L were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either acarbose (100 mg t.i.d.) or placebo for a predictive median follow-up period of 3.9 years. The primary outcome is the development of type 2 diabetes diagnosed using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test according to the new criteria. The secondary outcomes are changes in blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular events, and morphometric profile. RESULTS: Screening was performed in a high-risk population. As of 1 March 1997, 4,424 subjects had been screened, and data were available for 3,919 (88.5%) subjects. Of these subjects, 1,200 (30.6%) had glucose intolerance. Of the subjects with glucose intolerance, 521 (13.3%) had previously undetected type 2 diabetes, and 679 (17.3%) had IGT. Of the IGT population, 412 (60.7%) subjects were eligible for the study This population had the following characteristics: the mean age was 54.8 years, 52% of the subjects were female, 53% had more than one risk factor for type 2 diabetes, >90% had a family history of diabetes, 78.2% had a BMI > or =27 kg/m2, 47.5% had high blood pressure, 51.2% had dyslipidemia, and 22.8% of the women had a history of gestational diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Screening of a high-risk population yields one eligible subject per every 10 volunteers screened. This study should definitely answer the question of whether acarbose can prevent or delay the progression of IGT to type 2 diabetes mellitus. 相似文献
4.
Pekka Manninen Päivi Laakso Heikki Kallio 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(9):1001-1008
This study demonstrates the usefulness of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for the characterization of triacylglycerols
of edible oils and fats. Triacylglycerols were separated according to the acyl carbon number and the degree of unsaturation
on a 25% cyanopropyl/25% phenyl/50% methylpolysiloxane stationary phase. Valuable information concerning the triacylglycerol
composition of berry oils was obtained, despite the overlapping of certain triacylglycerol peaks. Simultaneous analysis of
fat-soluble vitamins and triacylglycerols is not practical by capillary SFC with flame-ionization detection because of the
low concentration of naturally-occurring fat-soluble vitamins in edible oils. Therefore, higher loading of the sample, which
led to overloading of triacylglycerols, was required to get reasonable peaks for fat-soluble vitamins. The method was applied
to the characterization of triacylglycerols and tocopherols in sea buckthorn pulp and seed oil, and cloudberry seed oil without
any sample purification prior to SFC. In addition, the stationary phase proved useful for separating the more complex mixtures
of triacylglycerols found in milk fat and in fish oil. 相似文献
5.
Panjian Li Ilkka Kangasniemi Klaas de Groot Tadashi Kokubo 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1994,77(5):1307-1312
Gel-derived titania coating on commercial pure (c.p.) titanium induces hydroxyapatite formation onto its surface from a simulated body fluid (SBF, a metastable calcium phosphate solution). The induced apatite is similar to bone apatite in that it is poorly crystallized, calcium-deficient, and carbonate-containing. Furthermore, the carbonate (CO2–3 ) groups go into the apatite lattice and lie at the positions of PO3–4 and OH– to replace these ionic groups, resembling the (CO2–3 ) groups of bone apatite. Therefore, the apatite induced by the gel-derived titania is said to be bonelike. A chemical stimulation, stemming from abundant hydroxyl groups and negative charges at the surface of the titania gel, is believed to be responsible for the bonelike apatite induction. The potential of bone-bonding is predicted for the gel-derived titania, for it is an efficient bonelike apatite inducer in the SBF. 相似文献
6.
Positional isomers (1-butyryl-2X-3Y-rac-glycerol and 2-butyryl-1X-3Y-rac-glycerol;X,Y=long-chain acyls) of saturated triacylglycerols (TAG) with 34 and 40 acyl carbons were shown to separate in two chromatographic
peaks on immobilized phenyl(65%) methylsilicone column by gas-liquid chromatography, and on reversed-phase ODS-1 column by
high-performance liquid chromatography. The analysis of 500-MHz1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra showed distinct differences between 2-butyryl-1X-3Y-rac-glycerol and 1-butyryl-2X-3Y-rac-glycerol isomers in the resonance signals of methylene and methine protons of glycerol backbone, and carbon-2 methylene of
acyl groups, and methyl protons of butyryl group. The1H NMR spectra of three interesterified mixtures of three monoacid TAG containing saturated butyrate and caproate TAG and unsaturated
butyrate TAG showed that triplets of methyl protons of butyryl groups atsn-1(3)- andsn-2-positions in saturated and unsaturated TAG had similar chemical shifts and that the chemical shift of caproyl methyl protons
was different from those of butyryl methyl protons. The positional distribution of butyryl groups in isolated positional isomers
of butyrate TAG, interesterified TAG mixtures, and natural and interesterified butteroil can be determined by integration
of these signals. 相似文献
7.
Analysis of triacylglycerols by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Triacylglycerols of the seed oils rich in α- and/or γ-linolenic acid moieties were separated by silver-ion high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by on-line atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometric (APCI-MS) detection.
Mass spectra of most triacylglycerols exhibited abundant [M + H]+ and [M − RCO2]+ ions, which defined the molecular weight and the molecular association of fatty acyl residues of a triacylglycerol, respectively.
Silver ions formed weaker complexes with triacylglycerols containing γ-linolenic acid than with those containing α-linolenic
acid, i.e., the elution order of molecules wasXYT
γ>XYT
α’,XT
γ
T
α>XT
α
T
α>, andT
γ
T
γ
T
γ>T
γ
T
γ
T
α>T
γ
T
α
T
α>T
α
T
α
T
α, whereT
α=α-linolenic acid,T
γ=γ-linolenic acid, andX, Y=fatty acids different from linolenic acid. Furthermore, silver-ion HPLC resulted in partial separation within equally unsaturated
triacylglycerols according to differences in the combined number of acyl carbons. Regioisomeric forms of triacylglycerols
were not determined from the seed oil samples, although differences were measured with reference compounds in the relative
abundances of [M − RCO2]+ ions formed by a loss of a fatty acyl residue from thesn-2 position and thesn-1/3 positions. Silverion HPLC/APCI-MS provided valuable information for structure elucidation of seed oil triacylglycerols:
43 molecular species were identified from cloudberry seed oil, 39 from evening primrose oil, 79 from borage oil, 44 from alpine
currant, and 56 from black currant seed oils. The quantitation requires to be studied further, especially in those cases where
several molecular weight species of triacylglycerols eluted in a single chromatographic peak. 相似文献
8.
Heikki Srkel Jari Takatalo Patrick May Mikko Laakso Gte Nyman 《International journal of human-computer studies》2009,67(9):787-799
Human movement in virtual environments (VEs) is a largely unstudied area, and there are no well-established methods of measuring it in VEs. Consequently, it is unclear how movement affects the experiential side of VEs. We introduce a novel method of measuring and modelling human movement. A specific information entropy-based modelling method enabled us to identify different movement patterns and analyse the experiential components related to them. The data was collected by registering the movement patterns of 68 participants who were in a virtual house doing a search task. The experiential side of the VE was measured with the Experimental Virtual Environment Questionnaire (EVEQ). Four movement patterns were identified. In addition, fluent movement in VEs was related to a high sense of presence. Moreover, the participants who moved fluently in the environment assessed their skills high. The results show how movement is related the way in which people experience the VE. The movement analysis method introduced here is applicable to other related research areas as well. 相似文献
9.
Heikki Ailisto Lauri Pohjanheimo Pasi Välkkynen Esko Strömmer Timo Tuomisto Ilkka Korhonen 《Personal and Ubiquitous Computing》2006,10(6):333-344
The prevalent visions of ambient intelligence emphasise natural interaction between user and functions and services embedded in the environment or available through mobile devices. In these scenarios the physical and virtual worlds seamlessly gear into each other, making crossing the border between these worlds natural or even invisible to the user. The bottleneck in reaching these scenarios appear in the natural mapping between the physical objects and their virtual counterparts. The emergence of local connectivity in mobile devices opens possibilities for implementing novel user interface paradigms to enhance this mapping. We present physical selection paradigm for implementing an intuitive human technology interaction for mobile devices. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the paradigm we implemented two experimental set-ups using commercially available smart phones with IrDA connectivity. The experiments involved selecting a website by physically pointing at its symbol and making a phone call by pointing at an icon representing the person to be called. In tentative user experiments the physical selection method was more time-efficient and it was perceived more positively by the users than a conventional method.
相似文献
Heikki AilistoEmail: |
10.
Although the review process is defined in an extremely formal way, each company normally has its own way of tailoring it, because staff tend to see formal reviews as too heavy a method for practical software development. These tailored versions differ in type and in the grade of formality. This paper introduces some easy ways to improve the review process. The goal is to find steps which are simple enough for the management and staff to accept and efficient enough to improve the review process. 相似文献