The roles of altitude and fear in the perception of height.

Previous research on perceiving spatial layout has found that people often exhibit normative biases in their perception of the environment. For instance, slant is typically overestimated and distance is usually underestimated. Surprisingly, however, the perception of height has rarely been studied. The present experiments examined the perception of height when viewed from the top (e.g., looking down) or from the bottom (e.g., looking up). Multiple measures were adapted from previous studies of horizontal extents to assess the perception of height. Across all of the measures, a large, consistent bias was found: Vertical distances were greatly overestimated, especially from the top. Secondary findings suggest that the overestimation of distance and size that occurs when looking down from a high place correlates with reports of trait- and state-level fear of heights, suggesting that height overestimation may be due, in part, to fear. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of handedness and reachability on perceived distance.

Previous research has suggested that perceived distances are scaled by the action capabilities of the body. The present studies showed that when “reachability” is constrained due to a difficult grasp required to pick up an object, perceived distance to the object increases. Participants estimated the distances to tools with handle orientations that made them either easy or difficult to grasp with their dominant and nondominant hands. Right-handed participants perceived tools that were more difficult to grasp to be farther away than tools that were easier to grasp. However, perceived distance did not differ in left-handed participants. These studies suggest that, when reaching toward a target, the distance to that target is scaled in terms of how far one can effectively reach, given the type of reaching posture that is executed. Furthermore, this effect is modulated by handedness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pyryliumverbindungen. XVIII, 2-Alkoxy-2H-pyrane aus tetra- und pentasubstituierten Pyryliumsalzen

Pyrylium Compounds. XVIII. 2-Alkoxy-2H-pyrans from Tetra- and Pentasubstituted Pyrylium Salts Alkali alkoxides add regioselectively to 2,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted pyrylium salts 7 (R' H), affording high yields of colourless crystalline 2-alkoxy-2H-pyrans 9 . The latte are also formed simply on refluxing 7 in the corresponding alcohol with triethylamine as proton acceptor. 3,5-Dialkylsubstituted 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium salts react analogously. The 2H-pyran structure of the adducts obtained follows from their n.m.r., i.r., u.v. and mass spectra as well as from their reaction with tetracyanoethylene to cycloadducts of type 10 . Acids regenerate from 9 the original pyrylium cations, whereas reaction of 9 with nitromethane or ethyl cyanoacetate provides benzene derivatives. -- The novel starting pyrylium salts 7b--o are characterized by u.v./vis data and by transformation into the corresponding pyridine derivatives     

Synthesen und Eigenschaften Mono- und diphenylsubstituierter Monothio-β-dicarbonylverbindungen und ihrer Nickel(II)chelate

Syntheses and Properties of Mono- and Disubstituted Monothio-β-dicarbonyl Compounds and their Nickel(II) chelates Reaction of phenylacetaldehyde with phosphorous oxichloride and dimethylformamide yielded 3-chloro-2-phenyl-propenal, which was converted into 2-phenyl-monothiomalonic dialdehyde 2 by treating with sodium sulfide nonahydrate. Furthermore the reactions of other mono- and diphenylsubstituted monothio-β-dicarbonyl compounds with aniline on the one side and nickel(II)acetate on the other side have been studied. It was shown, that compounds 1–6 react in different way with aniline yielding either sulfur free products or in case of 1 and 4 enaminothioketones, which are of interest as building blocks for syntheses. In contrast to this the nickel complexes of 1–6 indicates an one another similar, typical chelate structure, which have been elucidated by u.v.-vis-, i.r.- and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

为什么人机界面无处不在

显示器、触摸屏、终端一这些人机界面似乎无处不在。它们中的很多比二十年前的按钮和开关还要小,而且功能已经非常复杂,可以帮助管理和运营进行控制,并为其提供信息。     

Intra-ventral pallidal glutamate antagonists block expression of morphine-induced place preference.

The role of ionotropic glutamate receptors within the ventral pallidum (VP) in the expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) and motor adaptations to morphine was evaluated. VP-cannulated rats were subjected to 3 days of conditioning in which saline was paired to one distinct chamber in the morning and morphine (8 mg/kg ip or its vehicle) was paired to an alternate chamber in the afternoon. This induced (a) CPP expression in drug-free rats 1 day later, which was blocked by immediate pretreatments with intra-VP injections of a glutamate antagonist cocktail (DL-2-amino-5- phosphonopentanoic acid lithium salt [AP-5] + 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt [CNQX]), and (b) changes in motor function expressed following an acute morphine challenge 18 days later, which were absent if preceded by a 10-day treatment with the glutamate antagonists injected unilaterally once daily in alternating hemispheres. Thus, VP ionotropic glutamate receptors are critical mediators of the expression of place preference and motor adaptations subsequent to repeated morphine exposure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Identification of water-soluble selenium-containing proteins in selenized yeast by size-exclusion-reversed-phase HPLC/ICPMS followed by MALDI-TOF and electrospray Q-TOF mass spectrometry

An approach to speciation of selenium incorporated in yeast proteins was developed. The tryptic digest of a water-soluble protein fraction isolated by size-exclusion chromatography was analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC/ICPMS. The selenopeptides selected owing to the detector's elemental specificity were then analyzed by MALDI-TOFMS in order to select target ions for collision-induced dissociation MS. The latter, carried out with an electrospray Q-TOF spectrometer, enabled the sequencing of the selenopeptides detected by HPLC/ICPMS. The approach allowed for the first time the identification of a family of Se-containing proteins resulting from the replacement by selenomethionine of 2-9 methionine residues in a salt-stress-induced protein SIP18 (Mr 8874). The presence of these proteins was confirmed by MALDI-TOFMS of the original (nondigested) protein fraction. Another selenium protein identified was a heat-shock protein HSP12 (Mr 11693) in which the only methionine residue was replaced by selenomethionine. These two Se-containing proteins accounted for more than 95% of selenium in the water-soluble protein fraction.     

数据采集帮助减少报废并提升质量

通过对信息控制的重点改进，汽车零件铸造公司Intermet增进了系统能效，减少了报废，并提高了质量、精确度、产能和成本效率。     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella recovered from processed poultry

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates recovered from processed poultry. Four hundred eighty pre- and postchill whole broiler chicken carcasses were collected from a poultry processing plant between July 2004 and June 2005. Water samples also were collected at the entrance and exit of the chiller. After preenrichment, carcass and water samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using the automated BAX system followed by traditional culture methods. The proportions of pre- and postchill carcasses that were positive for Salmonella were 88.4 and 84.1%, respectively. Ninety-two percent of water samples collected at the entrance of the chiller were positive for Salmonella, but all exit samples were negative. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella between pre- and postchill carcasses (P > 0.05). Salmonella isolates recovered were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to antimicrobials. Thirteen serotypes were identified; the most common were Salmonella Kentucky (59.5%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (17.8%). Three hundred thirty-nine (79.8%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 53.4% were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (73.4% of isolates), ampicillin (52.9%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (52%), ceftiofur (51.7%), streptomycin (35.2%), and sulfisoxazole (21.8%). These results indicate the high prevalence of Salmonella contamination in whole broiler carcasses, and a large number of these Salmonella isolates were resistant to commonly used antimicrobials.