Silicon ribbons and foils—state of the art

Research and development on crystal growth technologies for production of crystalline silicon ribbon have been under way now for three decades. I review here their progress toward establishment of manufacturing capabilities for silicon wafers for photovoltaic applications. I examine technology improvements which are currently being explored for a future generation of low cost solar products based on ribbon wafers, and discuss potential limits of the technology.     

The Adhesion‐Enhanced Contact Electrification and Efficiency of Triboelectric Nanogenerators

In the present work, the contact electrification of polymers that differ in adhesion strength is studied. Electrical current is measured along with adhesion in macroscale contacting‐separation experiments. Additionally, local adhesion and roughness are studied with atomic force microscopy to get deeper insight into relations between surface properties and electrification. Measurements reveal that higher surface charge is formed on more adhesive surfaces, thus confirming covalent bond cleavage as a mechanism for contact electrification of polymers. Investigated materials possess enhanced contact electrification making them attractive candidates for the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical in triboelectric nanogenerator devices.     

A-B variable and reactions to nonimmediacy in neurotic and schizoid communications: A longitudinal analogue of psychotherapy.

Selected 36 A- and 36 B-type male undergraduates from the scores of 225 Ss on a 19-item version of the A-B scale. Ss responded verbally and therapeutically to neurotic and schizoid videotaped enactments displaying improvement, no change, and deterioration over the course of psychotherapy and exhibiting high and low conditions of verbal nonimmediacy in their communications to the therapist. A types were more immediate with the schizoid, and Bs with the neurotic, communications. Results concerning the longitudinal response to the changing display of nonimmediacy were equivocal, but subjective reaction conformed to expectancies and there was other, indirect support for the longitudinal hypothesis. Substantive conclusions are drawn concerning verbal nonimmediacy in relation to therapist-patient compatability-incompatability and as a potential intrachannel process variable in psychotherapy. The nonimmediacy model is confirmed and extended in a complex, ongoing, dyadic interaction. (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Observations of large mass-independent fractionation occurring in MC-ICPMS: implications for determination of accurate isotope amount ratios

Multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) suffers large bias in isotope amount ratio determinations which has to be properly accounted for. The choice of the proper discrimination model is crucial. Over the last few decades, the exponential mass-bias correction model (Russell's law) has become a standard curriculum in isotope amount ratio measurements. In nature, however, isotopic fractionation that deviates significantly from the exponential model has been known for a long time. Recently, such fractionation was also observed in MC-ICPMS. This phenomenon is termed mass-independent fractionation. In this study, significant departure from the mass-dependent fractionation model is reported for germanium and lead with the most dramatic occurring for germanium-73 and lead-204 isotopes wherein, on average, close to a half percent bias was evidenced from the Russell's law.     

Subgroups among opiate addicts: A typological investigation.

Applied a multivariate correlational clustering technique to the MMPI profiles of 1,500 addicts, subdivided into 10 subsamples (5 for each sex) representing 4 different categories of admission into treatment (civilly committed, volunteers, probationers, prisoners). Within each subsample, 2 homogeneous and replicable profile types were isolated. Type I (33% of all Ss) showed elevations on Scales 2, 4, and 8, suggesting marked subjective distress, nonconformity, and disturbed thinking. The much smaller Type II (about 7% of Ss) showed a single peak on Scale 4. 60% of Ss thus were unclustered. The 2 basic types, however, were effectively discriminated on a variety of other psychometric indices and were consistent with the 2 major profile types found among alcoholics in prior research. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A microgenetic approach to word association.

3 experiments were conducted to test certain general hypotheses derived from a microgenetic approach to word association. Association responses given under time pressure were compared with those given without time pressure in groups of college students. Word associations of schizophrenics and a group of hospital aides were similarly compared without time pressure. The results in part supported the hypothesis that word associations of the college students performing under time pressure would differ from those of the Ss without time pressure in the same way that responses of the schizophrenics would differ from those of the aides. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A microgenetic approach to perception and thought.

"The present paper has been prepared as a microgenetic approach to perception and thought. Within this approach, thoughts and percepts are believed to undergo a very brief, but theoretically important, microdevelopment. Evidence was offered both to support the possibility that such microdevelopments do occur in the normal process of thinking and perceiving and to suggest some of the formal characteristics of such evolutions. Further, an attempt was made to delineate some of the possible implications of this approach for cognitive functioning in abnormal individuals and normal individuals under atypical conditions." 139-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The problem of intersource consensus in measuring therapeutic outcomes: New data and multivariate perspectives.

Contrasted the results yielded by several multivariate techniques (component analysis, canonical correlation, typological analysis) to examine intersource agreement and disagreement in a nationwide sample of 79 therapist-patient dyads across pre-post data (converted to residualized gain scores) generated by patients, therapists, and psychometrists on a total of 22 measures (e.g., MMPI Current Adjustment Rating Scale, and Psychiatric Status Schedule). 4 factors emerged from a principal components analysis-changes in (a) patient-experienced distress, (b) observable maladjustment, (c) impulse expression, and (d) self-acceptance. It is suggested that large-scale collaborative studies are needed to clarify further the types of intersource agreement and disagreement isolated in this study. The development of consensual measures of outcome is imperative for the systematic evaluation of the effects of diverse therapeutic interventions. (26 ref) self-acceptance. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mechanism of generation of volatile hydrides of trace elements by aqueous tetrahydroborate(III). Mass spectrometric studies on reaction products and intermediates

The mechanism of generation of volatile metal/metalloid hydrides by derivatization with borane complexes is presented. This reaction has been employed for ultratrace element analysis since 1972 and has been the source of much controversy in regard to the reaction mechanism. Here we investigated this derivatization by using As(III), Sb(III), Bi(III), MeAsO(OH)2, and Me2AsO(OH) as model analytes and NaBH4, NaBD4, tert-BuNH2BH3, and Me2NHBH3 as borane reagents. The identification of reaction products and intermediates observed under various reaction conditions was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An alternative reaction model, based on the formation of analyte-borane complex (ABC) intermediates, is able to reconcile all the experimental evidence reported in the literature. In this study, we provide definitive evidence of the ABC hydride generation mechanism, which shows that the generation of volatile hydrides occurs via formation of ABC intermediates between hydroboron species and the analyte substrate followed by the direct transfer of hydrogen from boron to the analyte atom, and fast hydrolysis leading to the final product.