Data in Voice — In-Band Short Messaging Service (SMS) für den analogen Flugfunk

6. Zusammenfassung  In diesem Artikel wurde die Data in Voice-Technologie vorgestellt. DiV ist eine Methode, die es erlaubt, kurze Daten-Messages gemeinsam mit der Sprache im analogen Flugfunkkanal zu übertragen. Man ist bei FREQUENTIS überzeugt, dass man mit dieser Methode viele Nachteile des vorhandenen analogen Flugfunks beseitigen und dadurch die Flugsicherheit wesentlich erh?hen k?nnte.     

On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) and LC-LC-GC for detecting irradiation of fat-containing foods

Summary On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (LC-GC-FID) enables efficient and unambiguous determination of irradiation for some fat-containing foods (e.g. meat). Other products, however, contain interfering components or are contaminated, e.g., with mineral oil. Since more selective detection by mass spectrometry has limited success, the determination was improved by a more selective isolation of some key components among the fat degradation products, e.g. the dienes or trienes, by LC-LC-GC-FID. Applications are shown for soup mixes, some spices, fish, and shrimps.

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Nachweis der Bestrahlung fetthaltiger Lebensmittel durch direkt gekoppelte LC-GC und LC-LC-GC

Zusammenfassung Die Bestrahlung einiger fetthaltiger Lebensmittel, z. B. Fleisch, kann mit direkt gekoppelter LC-GC-FID rationell und eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. In anderen Proben wird die Analyse aber durch Inhaltsstoffe des Produktes oder durch Verunreinigungen (z. B. mit Mineralöl) gestört. Da selektivere Detektion durch Massenspektrqmetrie wenig verspricht, wurde der Nachweis durch selektivere Isolierung von Schlüsselkomponenten unter den Bestrahlungsprodukten, z. B. der Diene oder Triene, mittels LC-LC-GC yerbessert. Anwendungen werden gezeigt für Suppenpulver, einige Gewürze, Fisch und Garnelen.

     

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Ohne Zusammenfassung     

On-Line LC-GC for the Analysis of the Minor Components in Edible Oils and Fats – The Direct Method Involving Silylation

The previous on-line LC-GC method for the direct analysis of the minor components in oils and fats (without cleavage of esters) was modified: The free alcohols/sterols were silylated instead of acylated, and the LC fraction transferred to GC is widened to range from the beginning of the LC chromatogram up to the sterol esters. Silylation eliminated the problem that acylation may esterify some free alcohols with free fatty acids from the oil if the oil or fat is of high acidity. Widening of the LC fraction to include squalene and the tocopherols added information to that previously obtained.     

Hydrodynamic analysis of a spiral disc extruder

The flow of polymer melts in a rotating disc extruder is analyzed with the development of a mathematical model for drag flow in a contoured rotating disc. The model assumes a fully melted material which exhibits Newtonian flow behavior under isothermal conditions. Flow is evaluated in successive sections of the flow path, and the drag flow component is calculated by assuming a zero pressure gradient by analogy to the analysis of single screw extruder performance. The final expression involves a computer-assisted numerical solution. Results of the drag flow model are presented for three different disc geometries. A mathematical model of negative flow, and a comparison of the results with experimental data will be presented in followup papers.     

Signal transduction pathways that regulate cell survival and cell death

Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process critical for organ development, tissue homeostasis and elimination of defective or potentially dangerous cells in complex organisms. Apoptosis permits cell death without a concomitant inflammatory response in the surrounding tissues. The process of apoptosis depends on the reception of multiple extracellular and intracellular signals, integration and amplification of these signals by second messengers and finally, activation of the death effector proteases. Defects in control of apoptotic pathways may contribute to a variety of diseases including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions and AIDS. While many components of the regulatory network controlling apoptosis have been defined, the mechanisms of action and patterns of interaction of these factors remain controversial. This article summarizes some of the known aspects of signaling pathways involved in apoptosis.     

Differential kinetics and distribution of antibodies in serum and nasal and vaginal secretions after nasal and oral vaccination of humans

Although nasal vaccination has emerged as an interesting alternative to systemic or oral vaccination, knowledge is scarce about the immune responses after such immunization in humans. In the present study, we have compared the kinetics and organ distribution of the antibody responses after nasal and oral vaccination. We immunized female volunteers nasally or orally with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and determined the specific antibody levels in serum and nasal and vaginal secretions, as well as the number of circulating antibody-secreting cells, before immunization and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 26 weeks thereafter. Nasal vaccination induced 9-fold CTB-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and 56-fold specific IgG antibody increases in nasal secretions, whereas no significant IgA increase was seen after oral vaccination. Both oral and nasal vaccination resulted in 5- to 6-fold CTB-specific IgA and 20- to 30-fold specific IgG increases in vaginal secretions. Strong serum responses to CTB were also induced by both routes of vaccination. A notable difference between nasal and oral vaccination was that the nasal route elicited a specific antibody response with a later onset but of much longer duration than did the oral route. We conclude from this study that the nasal route is superior to the oral route for administering at least nonliving vaccines against infections in the upper respiratory tract, whereas either oral or nasal vaccination might be used for eliciting antibody responses in the female genital tract.     

Property stabilization in filled,drawn polyethylene

Mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) extended to draw ratios in the 20–40 range have been determined and compared with corresponding properties of the polymers containing particulates including rutile, carbon black, iron oxide, and mica. Shrinkage of drawn structures was studied to temperatures near the fusion of the polymer host. The degree of interaction at polymer/additive interfaces was varied by surface coating certain of the solids with standard coupling agents. Solids were found to increase tensile moduli and to decrease shrinkage, particularly at higher exposure temperatures. The magnitude of changes due to the presence of solids was shown to depend on the apparent interaction at contacts between host and additive. In a dispersion–force matrix, like HDPE, benefits were optimized when the particulates were amphoteric or neutral, rather than having pronounced acid or base interaction potentials.     

Über das Spreiten von Lipiden auf der Haut

On the Spreading of Lipids on the Skin The spontaneous spreading of liquid lipids on human skin is an important property for the use value of such products in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations. A comparative evaluation procedure based on an impression method is described, by means of which it is possible to determine the spreading rates in a reproducible manner. The standardized spreading values of a number of lipids are discussed in comparison with their chemical structure and physico-chemical data such as viscosity and surface tension. None of these data series correlates entirely with the spreading rates of all the lipids tested. However, it is possible to assess relative spreading rates within similarly structured groups of compounds.