在经典极限下量子斯特林制冷机的优化

经济利润率是评价一个实际热力装置的主要指标之一。将有限时间热力学，非平衡量子统计理论和yong经济学相结合，导出了量子斯特林制冷机的最大利润率以及对应的性能界限，其结果与实际斯特林制冷机的优化设计和模型评估提供了一个最佳的预选方案。     

量子卡诺制冷机制冷率与熵产率的协调优化性能

研究了内可逆谐振子量子卡诺制冷机的整体最优性能。得到了协调优化目标函数Ｅ最大时量子制冷机的制冷系数以及最佳制冷率和熵产率。     

Retinoic acid and interferon alpha act synergistically as antiangiogenic and antitumor agents against human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy in which multiple independent lesions develop over time throughout the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Therefore, the comprehensive treatment of this neoplasm must include a chemopreventive arm to hold premalignant lesions in check, a role well-suited to antiangiogenic agents. Retinoic acid (RA) and interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), drugs with known biological activity against HNSCC when used individually, are also inhibitors of angiogenesis. Here we show that they are remarkably synergistic antiangiogenic agents able to inhibit both the growth and the neovascularization of HNSCC injected into the floor of the mouth of nude mice. The mechanism of action of these drugs as antiangiogenic agents was 2-fold. They decreased the angiogenic activity of the tumor cells, and they caused the endothelial cells to become refractory to inducers of angiogenesis. When tumor cells were treated in vitro with IFN-alpha A/D, there was a dramatic drop in their secretion of interleukin-8, the major angiogenic factor produced by these tumors. When combined with RA, which causes tumor cells to secrete an inhibitor of angiogenesis, there was a synergistic inhibition of both tumor cell growth and secreted angiogenic activity. The combination of RA and IFN-alpha also acted synergistically on endothelial cells by reducing their responsiveness to both interleukin-8 and tumor conditioned media. Doses of each drug could be reduced by two logs without loss of activity. When animals bearing human HNSCC tumor cells were treated systemically with a combination of RA and IFN-alpha A/D at doses that were ineffective when used alone, dramatic decreases in both tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis were seen. These data suggest that the use of antiangiogenic mixtures may be a particularly effective way to design future chemoprevention protocols against HNSCC.     

The third order nonlinear optical properties of gold nanoparticles in glasses, part II

The optical properties of gold nanoparticles have been known for a number of years and recent advances in laser power have now allowed the non-linear optical properties to be studied. In this short review paper, the various theories that have been used to describe the optical properties of gold nanoparticles are presented. Methods of preparing gold nanoparticles in glasses are explained briefly, as well as characterization techniques. The optical properties of gold nanoparticles are reviewed, as well as the effects of particle size, shape, concentration and c.     

Effects of a feedback signal in a computer mouse on movement behaviour, muscle load, productivity, comfort and user friendliness

To study the effects of a tactile feedback signal in a computer mouse on reduction of hovering behaviour and consequently on changes in muscle load, productivity, comfort and user friendliness, a comparative, experimental study with repeated measures was conducted. Fifteen subjects performed five trials with different mouse actions and a standardised task, once with a mouse with the feedback signal and once with a mouse without the feedback signal. Holding the hand just above the mouse caused higher muscle loading than clicking and scrolling. Holding the hand on the mouse caused higher muscle loading than resting the hand on the desk. The feedback signal effectively decreased hovering behaviour. It also led to a more dynamic activation pattern of the extensor muscles of the forearm. The overall opinion of the feedback signal for future use was rated as somewhat variable. No effects on discomfort or productivity were found. The use of a mouse with a tactile vibrating feedback signal seems promising for preventing arm complaints, although more research is needed to establish the clinical relevance.     

热阻和内不可逆性对实际闭式燃气轮机回热循环性能的影响(续)

用有限时间热力学方法分析实际热机循环性能，计入工质与高、低温热源间换热器和回热器的热阻损失，压气机和涡轮机中的不可逆压缩、膨胀损失，和管路系统中的压力损失，导出变温热源条件下实际闭式燃气轮机回热循环的功率、热效率与压比间的解析式，并给出了详细的数值算例说明外不可逆性（热阻）和各内不可逆性对循环特性的影响     

热漏对联合动力循环性能的影响

分析旁通热漏对联合动力装置最优性能的影响。在连续流内可逆联合循环模型中加入一热漏项，建立了不可逆联合循环模型，导出其功率与效率间最佳关系、最大功率及其相应的效率界限和最大效率对应的功率界限。分析表明热漏对其最优特性有很大影响，所建立的模型可以更好地预测联合动力装置性能。     

Optimal Performance of an Endoreversible Four-Heat-Reservoir Absorption Heat-Transformer

Based on an endoreversible absorption heat-transformer cycle model operating between four temperature levels with linear (Newtonian) heat transfer law, the fundamental optimal relation between the specific heating load and the coefficient of performance, the optimal temperatures of the working substance, and the optimal heat transfer surface areas of the four heat exchangers are derived by using finite-time thermodynamics. Moreover, the effects of the cycle parameters on the cycle characteristic are studied by numerical examples. The results obtained herein can provide some guidance for the optimal design of absorption heat-transformers.     

Thermodynamic optimization for crystallization process of gas hydrate

In this paper, thermodynamic optimization is applied to analyze the crystallization process of the gas hydrate related to the gas hydrate cool storage system. Thermodynamic optimization model of the gas hydrate crystallization process is established. By taking the entropy generation minimization as the optimization objective, both the optimal control strategy and the optimal cooling rate of the gas hydrate crystallization process are determined. The minimum entropy generation corresponding to the optimal cooling rate decreases by 7.8% compared with normal situation. The results presented in this paper can provide important guidelines for optimal design and operation of the gas hydrate crystallization process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.