电沉积Co—Ni合金的原子探针场离子显微分析

用位置敏感原子探针场离子的显微镜（ＰｏＳＡＰ）、ＴＥＭ、ＳＥＭ等方法研究了电沉积工艺参数对Ｃｏ－Ｎｉ合金微观结构的影响，结果表明，低频脉冲直流电沉积的Ｃｏ－Ｎｉ合金的平均晶粒尺寸为７０ｎｍ，恒稳直流电沉积的晶粒尺寸为１００ｎｍ。Ｃｏ原子在沉积层中呈均匀分布，且Ｃｏ含量随电解中Ｃｏ离子浓度增加而显著增加。当电解液中ＣｏＳＯ４含量为１７．５ｇ／Ｌ时，沉积层由εＣｏ和αＣｏ两相组成，ＰｏＳＡＰ数据的三维     

IT硬件40大创新产品评选 聚焦行业创新

创新,是一个时代的主题。IT业界每天都涌现出各类新事件和新产品,其中有一些是对人们的生活影响巨大的,因为这种影响,加速了整个IT时代的变革。这次我们要做的,就是从中评选出最具代表意义以及最具价值的创新产品,这既是对IT领航者的尊敬,更是对创新精神的表彰。     

Application of evolution strategies for the solution of an inverse problem in near-field optics

We introduce an inversion procedure for the characterization of a nanostructure from near-field intensity data. The method proposed is based on heuristic arguments and makes use of evolution strategies for the solution of the inverse problem as a nonlinear constrained-optimization problem. By means of some examples we illustrate the performance of our inversion method. We also discuss its possibilities and potential applications.     

Species distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci isolated from food of animal origin in Germany

Presently, enterococci take the third place of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, after staphylococci and Escherichia coli. Especially, the resistances of enterococci to several available antibiotics are threatening. We attempted to determine which species of enterococci could be found in food of animal origin and their significance according to their antibiotic resistances for human beings. From November 2000 to May 2002 we investigated 155 samples of food of animal origin bought in retail outlets in Germany: 27 samples of sausages, 19 of ham, 83 of minced meat, 26 of cheese. From these food samples we isolated 416 enterococcal strains. The most frequent species was Enterococcus faecalis (299 strains); furthermore, we found Enterococcus faecium (54 strains), Enterococcus durans together with Enterococcus hirae (24 strains), Enterococcus casseliflavus (22 strains), Enterococcus avium (9 strains) and Enterococcus gallinarum (8 strains). We focused on the resistance patterns of 118 selected E. faecium and E. faecalis strains to 13 antimicrobial active agents (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, avilamycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, flavomycin, gentamicin, penicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, teicoplanin, tetracycline and vancomycin). From the clinical point of view, the situation of antibiotic resistance to the examined antimicrobial agents seemed to be favourable. The investigated strains were sensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. These antibiotics are, in combination with an aminoglycoside, for example gentamicin, agents of choice for the treatment of enterococcal infections in human medicine. Only one E. faecium strain was resistant to penicillin, while all strains were sensitive to the glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistances found against the antibiotics, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin and erythromycin, are causes for concern.     

Guidance on individual monitoring programmes for radioisotopic techniques in molecular and cellular biology

The radioisotope techniques used in molecular and cellular biology involve external and internal irradiation risk. The personal dosemeter may be a reasonable indicator for external irradiation. However, it is necessary to control the possible internal contamination associated with the development of these techniques. The aim of this project is to analyse the most usual techniques and to establish programmes of internal monitoring for specific radionuclides (32P, 35S, 14C, 3H, 125I and 131I). To elaborate these programmes it was necessary to analyse the radioisotope techniques. Two models have been applied (NRPB and IAEA) to the more significant techniques, according to the physical and chemical nature of the radionuclides, their potential importance in occupational exposure and the possible injury to the genetic material of the cell. The results allowed the identification of the techniques with possible risk of internal contamination. It was necessary to identify groups of workers that require individual monitoring. The risk groups have been established among the professionals exposed, according to different parameters: the general characteristics of receptor, the radionuclides used (the same user can work with one, two or three radionuclides at the same time) and the results of the models applied. Also a control group was established. The study of possible intakes in these groups has been made by urinalysis and whole-body counter. The theoretical results are coherent with the experimental results. They have allowed guidance to individual monitoring to be proposed. Basically, the document shows: (1) the analysis of the radiosotopic techniques, taking into account the special containment equipment; (2) the establishment of the need of individual monitoring; and (3) the required frequency of measurements in a routine programme.     

电炉JetBOxTM技术的发展

美国PTI公司发明的专利技术JetBOxTM超音速氧枪喷射系统被证明是一种能有效提高电弧炉产量同时又能减少电炉改造成本的技术.通过在各个炼钢电炉上使用这种独特而有效的化学能输入方式从而获得了良好的效果.由于每个电炉的JetBOxTM系统都是专门设计,能满足每个炼钢车间的不同要求,因此已经被成功地应用在用料篮加料的普通电炉、Consteel电炉、使用DRI/HBI的电炉以及热装铁水的电炉上,同样都获得了良好的运行效果.自2001年以来JetBOxTM系统已经在全世界超过60台不同的电炉上安全而有效地运行着,满足了不同钢厂的要求.     

世界军事领域依赖于纺织品

虽说纺织工业不能提供全世界军事领域中所需的坦克、武器或弹药等装备,但毫无疑问的是军事领域也不能没有纺织品。事实上,军事力量一直依赖于纺织品,包括军服、运输附件、睡眠休息装备以及其他数不清的物品。     

A bacterial consortium isolated from an Icelandic fumarole displays exceptionally high levels of sulfate reduction and metals resistance

The soils of three fumaroles and one mining site, all with high metal content, were surveyed for the presence of metal-resistant sulfate-reducing bacteria and their potential application in the bioremediation of acid mine drainages. By means of selective soil enrichments a bacterial consortium was isolated from an Icelandic fumarole that displayed very high sulfate reduction in the presence of a mixture of 0.75 g/L of Fe, 0.20 g/L of Zn and 0.080 g/L of Cu. Under these conditions the bacterial consortium reduced 91% of the added 3.9 g/L of sulfate after 28 days, precipitating 100% of the Fe, 96% of the Zn and 97% of the Cu during the same time. Both total bacterial numbers and numbers of culturable sulfate-reducing bacteria remained unchanged when grown in media containing metals, suggesting low or absent inhibitory effects of the metals on the bacterial consortium. PCR-DGGE profiles of the sulfate reducing bacterial communities obtained from the Icelandic fumarole sample showed that bacterial diversity decreased significantly after metal addition: from the original 12 ribotypes only two were detected in the metal-tolerant culture. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed that these two ribotypes were affiliated with the genera Clostridium and Desulfovibrio, with C. subterminale, C. pascui, C. mesophilum and C. peptidovorans and D. desulfuricans identified as their closest relatives.     

重质减压瓦斯油在双醋酸铝催化剂上的催化裂化

重金属在裂化催化剂上的沉积不仅降低了催化剂的催化活性，而且也降低了催化剂的选择性。由三水铝矿合成的双醋酸铝用作活性载体时，可减弱重金属对催化剂的毒化作用。这种氧化铝经过热处理可具有单形态的孔分布也可具有双形态的孔分布，并且具有独特的孔形状。当它用作裂化催化剂时，这种氧化铝可以改变催化剂的结构以便使大分子能与微孔内的组分相接触。这种催化剂得到一个更好的最终转化率，同时焦炭的生成量也会减少。这种活性炭