Isotopic water dilution technique in body fluid measurement in some domestic animal species

Dilution procedures using tritiated water and Evans blue dye (T 1824) were applied to estimate total body water and plasma volume in small ruminants, pigs and cockerels during the two different seasons in Zimbabwe. The amounts of total body water (TBW) obtained were between 60% to 85% of the body weight in sheep and goats, 40% to 60% in pigs and 63% to 75% in cockerels. TBW values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the small ruminants than in pigs and observed age differences were significant (P < 0.05) in the small ruminants. There were significant (P < 0.05) seasonal differences in the total body water mean values but nonsignificant (P > 0.05) differences in the plasma volume mean values for the domestic species investigated.     

Thermodynamic second law analysis for a gravity-driven variable viscosity liquid film along an inclined heated plate with convective cooling

The inherent irreversibility and thermal stability in a gravity-driven temperature-dependent variable viscosity thin liquid film along an inclined heated plate with convective cooling is investigated. In this study, both the isothermal and isoflux heating of the plate are considered. The free surface of the liquid film is assumed to exchange heat with the surroundings following Newton’s cooling law and the fluid viscosity model varies as an inverse linear function of the temperature. Analytical solutions are constructed for the governing boundaryvalue problem, and important properties of velocity and temperature fields such as thermal stability criterion are obtained. Expressions for volumetric entropy generation numbers, irreversibility distribution ratio, and the Bejan number in the flow field are also obtained and discussed quantitatively.     

Entropy-generation analysis for variable-viscosity channel flow with non-uniform wall temperature

This paper is an analytical study of inherent irreversibility in the flow of a variable-viscosity fluid through a channel with a non-uniform wall temperature. It is assumed that the channel is narrow and the fluid viscosity varies linearly with temperature. Analytical expressions for fluid velocity and temperature are derived and employed to obtain expressions for volumetric entropy-generation numbers, irreversibility distribution ratio and the Bejan number in the flow field.     

Upregulation of 5''-AMP-activated protein kinase is responsible for the increase in myocardial fatty acid oxidation rates following birth in the newborn rabbit

Eighteen patients with intracranial skull base tumours diagnosed at CT or MR as neuromas or meningiomas were studied with positron emission tomography (PET) using L-(methyl-11C) methionine. Compared with normal cerebellar tissue, the uptake of methionine in the tumours increased more rapidly and reached a higher level, and showed a slow decline after a peak occurring about 5 min after the injection. All the meningiomas exhibited considerably higher accumulation of the tracer compared with the surrounding cerebellar tissue, which made the tumour easy to identify and to demarcate from the surrounding cerebellar tissue, which made the tumour easy to identify and to demarcate from the surrounding structures (tumour to cerebellum ratios 2.62-5.37, mean 3.63). The uptake was homogeneous in all meningiomas, which were all of the syncytial type. The neuromas showed lower contrast against the cerebellum (tumour to cerebellum ratios 1.1-1.87, mean 1.48). Some neuromas displayed an irregular pattern with regions of decreased tracer uptake corresponding to small cystic areas within the neuroma. There was no overlap in methionine uptake between the two tumour groups. The results indicate that PET-methionine may contribute to the evaluation, treatment planning and follow-up of patients with skull base meningiomas and neuromas.     

Computational study on heat transfer and MHD-electrified flow of fractional Maxwell nanofluids suspended with SWCNT and MWCNT

Recent developments in fluid dynamics have been focusing on nanofluids, which preserve significant thermal conductivity properties and magnify heat transport in fluids. Classical nanofluid studies are generally confined to models described by partial differential equations of an integer order, where the memory effect and hereditary properties of materials are neglected. To overcome these downsides, the present work focuses on studying nanofluids with fractional derivatives formed by differential equations with Caputo time derivatives that provide memory effect on nanofluid characteristics. Further, heat transfer enhancement and boundary layer flow of fractional Maxwell nanofluid with single-wall and multiple walls carbon nanotubes are investigated. The Maxwell nanofluid saturates the porous medium. Also, buoyancy, magnetic, electric, and heating effects are considered. Governing continuity, momentum, and energy equations involving Caputo time-fractional derivatives reduced nondimensional forms using suitable dimensionless quantities. Numerical solutions for arising nonlinear problems are developed using finite difference approximation combined with L1 algorithm. The influence of involved physical parameters on flow and heat transfer characteristics is analyzed and depicted graphically. Our simulations found out that surface drag of Maxwell nanofluid with single-walled carbon nanotubes dominates nanofluids with multiple walls carbon nanotubes, but the reverse trend is noticed for larger Grashof number values.     

Hydromagnetic boundary layer flow with heat transfer past a rotating disc embedded in a porous medium

In this study, the effect of Coriolis force along with the Darcy parameter has been analyzed on time-dependent forced convective boundary layer flow of conducting fluids over a rotating disc embedded in a porous medium. The modeled system is solved by power series approximations in the Mathematica environment shooted values. The significant impact of the rheological properties, such as Darcy parameter $\beta$ and Prandtl number $\mathit{Pr}$, of water, hydrocarbon, and kerosene-based conducting fluids for the deviation of parameter $\xi$ (Karman) has been noted and then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with graphs and tables.     

3D MHD cross flow over an exponential stretching porous surface

The present study aims to investigate the effects of thermal‐diffusion and diffusion‐thermo onan magnetohydrodynamic convective flow of viscous fluids over an exponentially stretching sheet. Thermal radiation effects are also considered in the study. This analysis is carried out in three dimensions and a similarity transformation is adopted to get a set of ordinary differential equations from a set of partial differential equations. And the Fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta method and shooting technique along with the secant method are employed to find out an iterative solution. We also analyze here the influence of the variable magnetic field, nonuniform permeability and variable chemical reaction on the fluid flow. The impact of various pertinent parameters of interest has extensively been explored through graphs and tables. The major findings of the present study are that resistive Lorentz force diminishes the fluid velocity and uplifts the thermal as well as concentration fields. Inclusion of porous matrix improves the viscous drag force which in turn augments wall shear stresses and peters out the heat and mass transfer rates from the sheet. In addition, the thermal expansion coefficient has an inverse relation with temperature.     

EXTRUDED SORGHUM AS A BREWING RAW MATERIAL

Small scale mashes (50 g total grist) with grists containing up to 50% by weight of extruded whole sorghum produced worts of high extract yield and low viscosity. Increasing the proportion of extruded sorghum in the grist resulted in decreasing wort filtration volume, total nitrogen and free amino nitrogen content. The wort filtration behaviour of mashes containing sorghum extruded at 175°C was superior to that of mashes containing sorghum extruded at 165°C or 185°C. The results from such small scale mashing experiments suggested that extruded sorghum compared favourably to extruded barley and extruded wheat as a brewing adjunct. Worts and beers were produced on a pilot brewery scale (100 1) from grists comprising 70% malt + 30% extruded sorghum and 100% malt under isothermal infusion mashing conditions. Mashes containing sorghum extruded at 175°C showed comparable wort filtration behaviour to that of the all malt control mash whereas mashes containing sorghum extruded at 165°C or 185°C showed poor wort filtration behaviour. Worts produced from grists containing extruded sorghum fermented more quickly than the control wort and attained lower values of final gravity. The resulting beers were filtered without difficulty. Beers produced from grists containing extruded sorghum contained lower levels of total nitrogen and free amino nitrogen compared to the control beer consistent with extruded sorghum contributing little or no nitrogenous material to the wort and beer. Beers brewed from grists containing extruded sorghum were of sound flavour and showed reasonable foam stability behaviour.