Effect of radiation on natural convection flow on a sphere in presence of heat generation

Effect of radiation on natural convection flow around a sphere in presence of heat generation has been investigated. The governing equations are transformed into dimensionless non-similar equations by using a set of suitable transformations and solved numerically by the finite difference method along with Newton's linearization approximation. We have focused our attention on the evaluation of velocity profiles, temperature profiles, shear stress in terms of local skin friction and the rate of heat transfer in terms of local Nusselt number for different values of heat generation parameter, radiation parameter and the Prandlt number and the numerical results have been shown graphically.     

Advance application of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of noncrystalline components in thin films of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) blends

A quantitative analysis method for the distribution of noncrystalline poly(butadiene) component in poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(butadiene) (PCL/PB) binary blends have been analyzed by advance application of Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Thin films of different compositions of PCL/PB binary blends were prepared from solution and isothermally crystallized at a certain temperature. After calibration with real data, quantitative analyses by Raman spectroscopy revealed the amorphous PB are trapped inside the PCL crystals. Polarized optical microscopy and real time atomic force microscopy were used to collect data for the crystal morphology and crystal growth rate. For pure PCL crystals, a morphology of truncated lozenge shape was observed, independent of crystallization temperature and regardless of the blends compositions. For the pure PCL and their blends, almost unique crystal growth rate was found. The miscibility behaviors using DSC were drawn through melting point depression method. The Hoffman-Weeks extrapolations of the blends were found to be linear and identical with those of the neat PCL. The interaction parameter for the blends indicating that the PCL and PB blends have no intermolecular interaction, confirming the blends are immiscible. Despite the immiscibility of the blend, the PCL crystals do not bend during the growth process and do not reduce the growth rate as they do for miscible blend systems.     

A noninvasive method to predict fluid viscosity and nanoparticle size using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) imaging

This study examines the development of an automated particle tracking algorithm to predict the hindered Brownian movement of fluorescent nanoparticles within an evanescent wave field created using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy. The two-dimensional motion of the fluorescent nanoparticles was tracked, with sub-pixel resolution, by fitting the intensity distribution of the particles to a known Gaussian distribution, thus providing the particle center within a single pixel. Spherical yellow-green polystyrene nanoparticles (200, 500, and 1000 nm in diameter) were suspended in deionized water (control), 10 wt% d-glucose, and 10 wt% glycerol solutions, with 1 mM of NaCl added to each. The motion of tracked nanoparticles was compared with the theoretical tangential hindered Brownian motion to estimate particle diameters and fluid viscosity using a nonlinear regression technique. The automatic tracking algorithm was initially validated by comparing the automated results with manually tracked particles, 1 µm in size. Our results showed that both particle size and solution viscosity were accurately predicted from the experimental mean square displacement. Specifically, the results show that the error of particle size prediction is below 10 % and the error of solution viscosity prediction is less than 1 %. The proposed automatic analysis tool could prove to be useful in bio-application fields for examination of single protein tracking, drug delivery, and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the proposed tool could be useful in microfluidic areas such as particle tracking velocimetry and noninvasive viscosimetry.     

Generation of intergranular strains during high temperature creep fatigue loading of 316H stainless steel

Abstract

This paper investigates the development of intergranular strains and stresses in AISI type 316H austenitic stainless steel during cyclic loading at high temperature. Isothermal cyclic creep tests at 650°C with 2 h displacement controlled creep dwells at maximum strain are conducted with in situ neutron diffraction monitoring at a time of flight facility. The evolution of intergranular strains in five independent {hkl} grain families were successfully measured during consecutive cycles. The grain family with {111} lattice planes normal to the loading direction exhibited linearly reversible behaviour with cyclic load whereas the {200} planes deformed in a non-linear manner forming a hysteresis loop. Intergranular strains during the first dwell remained unchanged with time, but relaxed with time during later dwells. The start of dwell intergranular strains increased from cycle 1 to cycle 2, but markedly less moving from cycle 2 to cycle 3.     

Three Dimensional Separation with Spiral—Focus in a Decelerating Duct Flow （Effect of Asymmetric Inlet Boundary Layer Thickness）

An experimental apparatus was developed to study the three dimensional separated flow with spiral-foci. The internal decelerating flow was generated by the air suction from a side wall to produce the separation on an opposite-side wall. The relation between the upstream boundary layer and the generation of spiral-foci in the separation region was observed by a tuft method. As a result, it was clarified that the spiral-focus type separation could be produced on the side wall and its behavior was closely related to the vortices supplied into the separation region from the boundary layer developing along top wall or bottom one.     

Influence of thermal history on primary nucleation and crystal growth rates of isotactic polystyrene

The influence of thermal history on primary nucleation and crystal growth rate of isotactic polystyrene (i-PS) was studied in a wide range of time and temperature. Samples were melted at several temperatures from 230 to 250 °C and then crystallized from those molten states and also crystallized from the glassy state. The primary nucleation rate is strongly influenced by the thermal history but the crystal growth rate is mainly governed by the crystallization temperature. Below a melt temperature of 230 °C, the nucleation density was attributed to the seed nuclei, which result from incomplete melting of the spherulites. Above 250 °C, a limited number of heterogeneous nucleation sites remain, and these sites are activated on the surface of impurities or foreign bodies in the melt. The primary nucleation is controlled heterogeneously both from the molten and the glassy states. The nucleation rate from the glassy state is faster than that from the molten state. A linear relationship between the nucleation rate and the inverse of induction time was found in each experimental condition and their slopes are related to the saturation density of the nuclei. The activation energy for the molecular transport and the primary nucleation energy were smaller than those of the crystal growth. The primary nucleation energy from the glass was lower than that from the melt. These energies are discussed in the present work.     

Cross-layer selective routing for cost and delay minimization in IEEE 802.11ac wireless mesh network

Wireless Networks - A Wireless Internet-access Mesh NETwork (WIMNET) provides scalable and reliable internet access through the deployment of multiple access points (APs) and gateways (GWs). In...     

Influences of the chemical defects on the crystal thickness and their melting of isothermally crystallized isotactic polypropylene

Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalysis isotactic polypropylene with different chemical defects were isothermally crystallized at various crystallization temperatures. The crystal thickness and their corresponding melting behavior were studied using small angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The equilibrium melt temperature of the samples was calculated from the Hofmann-Weeks extrapolation for the supercooling. Two lamellar populations were distinctly observed in all cases during the crystallization process. Relatively thicker and stable lamellar crystals which melt at higher temperatures were observed with lowering the supercooling and found catalysis dependence in these crystals. During melting, no significant recrystallization of the samples has been detected for higher crystallization temperature where recrystallization processes enhance the lamellae thickness. The melting of the crystals has found strong dependence with the crystallization temperatures, the catalysis process and the nature of the defects present in the isotactic polypropylene. The increase of the crystal lamellae thickness and their melting temperature might be presumably related with the chain folding mechanism as well as the stability of the crystals formed during the isothermal crystallization process. A combined plot of SAXS and DSC results is demonstrated for the equilibrium melting temperature followed by critical analysis of the results.