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排序方式: 共有127条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Adam Kłodowski Timo Rantalainen Aki Mikkola Ari Heinonen Harri Sievänen 《Multibody System Dynamics》2011,25(4):395-409
A method for bone strain estimation is examined in this article. The flexibility of a single bone in an otherwise rigid human
skeleton model has been studied previously by various authors. However, in the previous studies, the effect of the flexibility
of multiple bones on the musculoskeletal model behavior was ignored. This study describes a simulation method that can be
used to estimate the bone strains at both tibias and femurs of a 65-year-old Caucasian male subject. The verification of the
method is performed by the comparison of the results with other studies available in literature. The results of the study
show good correlation with the results of previous empirical studies. A damping effect of the flexible bones on the model
is also studied in this paper. 相似文献
2.
Simulation of complex mechatronic systems like an automobile, involving mechanical components as well as actuators and active
electronic control devices, can be accomplished by combining tools that deal with the simulation of the different subsystems.
In this sense, it is often desirable to couple a multibody simulation software (for the mechanical simulation) with external
numerical computing environments and block diagram simulators (for the modeling and simulation of nonmechanical components). 相似文献
3.
Tuomas Alapieti Emmanuelle Castagnoli Laura Salo Raimo Mikkola Pertti Pasanen Heidi Salonen 《Indoor air》2021,31(5):1563-1576
The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from building materials may significantly contribute to indoor air pollution, and VOCs have been associated with odor annoyance and adverse health effects. Wood materials together with coatings are commonly used indoors for furniture and large surfaces such as walls, floors, and ceilings. This leads to high surface-to-volume ratios, and therefore, these materials may participate remarkably to the VOC levels of indoor environment. We studied emissions of VOCs and carbonyl compounds from pinewood (Pinus sylvestris) boards of 10% and 16% moisture contents (MC) with three paints using small-scale test chambers (27 L). The emissions from uncoated pinewood and paints (on a glass substrate) were tested as references. The 28-day experiment showed that the VOC emissions from uncoated pinewood were lower from sample with 16% MC. Painted pinewood samples showed lower emissions compared to paints on glass substrate. Additionally, paints on 16% MC pinewood exhibited lower emissions than on drier 10% MC wood. The emissions from painted pinewood samples were dominated by paint-based compounds, but the share of wood-based compounds increased over time. However, we noticed differences between the paints, and wood-based emissions were clearly higher with the most permeable paint. 相似文献
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Päivi Mäki-Arvela Mika Mikkola Jarl Hemming Kari Eränen Stefan Willför Dmitry Yu. Murzin 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2014,91(6):1035-1046
Mixtures of fatty acids and rosin acids are industrially important products utilized as a raw material for several purposes. Their thermal properties, especially cold stability and crystallization behavior is also important. Several fatty acid and rosin acid mixtures both from industrial products and from commercially available fatty and rosin acids were prepared and treated for 30 min at 80 °C under an inert atmosphere. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to the desired temperature. Determination of the cloud point, chemical analysis of liquid and solid phase, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry as well as morphology analysis by scanning electron microscopy were performed. The results revealed that crystallization was more rapid when it occurred at 10 °C compared to 25 °C. The crystal sizes increased with decreasing the crystallization temperature. Furthermore, crystals were of irregular shape and agglomerated when rapid cooling of the mixture occurred. Chemical analysis revealed that liquid phase was enriched with stearic acid, whereas crystals contained large amounts of abietic, dehydroabietic and linoleic acids. The cloud point of the mixtures increased with increasing amount of stearic and rosin acids. Dehydroabietic acid addition improved the cold stability of the synthetic fatty acid–rosin acids mixture. 相似文献
7.
The fire risk assessment model CRISP2 was applied to a 4‐storey apartment building. The case building was an actual 4‐storey timber‐framed building. Partly predetermined design alternatives were used in sequential simulations. CRISP2 cannot take into account the frame‐material of the building in a satisfactory way, because the wall thickness, structural fire resistance or lining materials in the fire room cannot be modelled. It was found that adding smoke alarms almost halved the risk level. The risk levels 1–2×10?5 obtained are not far from comparable levels of fire death statistics from Finland, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Norway. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper examines the management of product architecture modularity for mass customization. Product architecture modularity is concerned with system decomposition, the selection of components and how they are linked with each other without compromising system integrity. The goal of mass customization is to produce customized goods at low cost. It has enabled many companies to penetrate new markets and capture customers whose personal needs were not met by standard products and services. Mass customization is enabled through modular product architectures, from which a wide variety of products can be configured and assembled. In order to understand the implications of product architecture modularity for mass customization, the "modularization function" is explored by applying and simulating it to a hypothetical system. Based on this exercise and sources from the literature, a new model is introduced. Furthermore, theoretical and engineering management implications are also discussed 相似文献
10.
This study examined the effects of task and time-on-task on fatigue symptoms in overnight driving. Four participants drove an instrumented car 1200 km overnight and completed the same trip as passengers on another night. Subjective ratings of drowsiness, eye blink frequency and duration, microsleeps, and steering-wheel inputs were analysed as a function of time-on-task, and for separate samples when meeting oncoming heavy vehicles. Four video cameras were used to monitor the road view and the face of both the driver and passenger. In terms of eye closure duration, the reported microsleeps were shorter while driving (mean = 0.7 s, SD = 0.2 s) than as a passenger (mean = 2.6 s, SD = 2.0 s). Blink frequency increased with time-on-task as expected, indicating tiredness, and decreased when approaching an oncoming heavy vehicle, indicating attentive response to a potential critical situation. No consistent effect of time-on-task on high-frequency steering-wheel inputs when meeting oncoming heavy vehicles was found. The results raise the important question of what makes a driver wake from a microsleep earlier than a passenger and, given proper monitoring of long eyelid closures, what the proper intervention should be. 相似文献