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1.
We describe the first shared task for figurative language resolution, which was organised within SemEval-2007 and focused
on metonymy. The paper motivates the linguistic principles of data sampling and annotation and shows the task’s feasibility
via human agreement. The five participating systems mainly used supervised approaches exploiting a variety of features, of
which grammatical relations proved to be the most useful. We compare the systems’ performance to automatic baselines as well
as to a manually simulated approach based on selectional restriction violations, showing some limitations of this more traditional
approach to metonymy recognition. The main problem supervised systems encountered is data sparseness, since metonymies in
general tend to occur more rarely than literal uses. Also, within metonymies, the reading distribution is skewed towards a
few frequent metonymy types. Future task developments should focus on addressing this issue.
相似文献
Malvina NissimEmail: |
2.
Nissim Francez 《Journal of Computer and System Sciences》2012,78(3):960-969
The paper considers the issue of different type-logical semantic definitions (of some natural language fragment) being “essentially” the same, though expressed using different type-systems. A definition of the equivalence is suggested, and is applied to four definitions of a very simple extensional fragment of English. 相似文献
3.
Oleogels from Glycerol‐Based Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Phase Diagrams and Structural Characterization
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Yael Cegla‐Nemirovsky Abraham Aserin Nissim Garti 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2015,92(3):439-447
In the course of our studies on structured reverse lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) as oleogels, a system was designed with the desired physical and rheology properties for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. The aqueous phase was partially replaced by glycerol to minimize bacteriological problems and obtain specific rheology characteristics. The constructed phase diagrams are based on ternary mixtures of glycerol monooleate (GMO), decane, water, and glycerol. The main lyotropic mesophase obtained in this study was reverse hexagonal derived from dilution line 8:2 (72 wt% GMO and 18 wt% decane) and 10 wt% water; or water:glycerol (wt ratios 3:1 and 1:1) mixture. It was found that heat‐cool fluctuation caused formation of new pseudo‐equilibrium structures with mesomorphic transformations to more fluid and less ordered mesostructures. Replacing up to 50 wt% of the water by glycerol significantly increases the gel phase region in the phase diagram, meaning more structural compositional options. The structural parameters were determined using cross‐polarized light microscopy (CPLM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Rheological measurements revealed viscoelastic properties of lyotropic liquid crystals with a decrease in the elasticity (G′), plasticity (G″), and complex viscosity (η*), as a function of increasing the glycerol content. 相似文献
4.
Dynamic control of polymorphic transformation in triglycerides by surfactants: The button syndrome 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Judith Schlichter Aronhime Sara Sarig Nissim Garti 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1988,65(7):1144-1150
The kinetics of polymorphic transformations in monoacid saturated triglycerides and the influence caused by the presence of
certain solid surfactants were investigated. Selected emulsifiers can be incorporated at the level of 10 wt% within the triglyceride,
without changing the crystal lattice; on the other hand, their presence affects the heat capacity of the triglyceride and
the NMR relaxation time T1. Following the polymorphic transformation both during aging and during heating in the DSC, it was observed that both the
mechanism and rate of transformation of the triglyceride strongly depend on the kinetic conditions and on its own chemical
structure. In conjunction with these results it also was observed that the effect of the emulsifier is strongly dependent
on the transformation conditions. The kinetic effect of the additive on the solid-solid transformation has been found to be
strictly associated with its hydrophilic moiety structure; a model of molecular incorporation has been proposed which describes
the arrangement of the surfactant molecules parallel to the triglyceride chains and formation of vacancies. The selectivity
of the additive concerning its effect of dynamic controller of polymorphic transformations has been explained by its capacity
to create hydrogen bonds with the neighboring triglycerides, which was called the “Button Syndrome.” The wide range of different
additives and triglycerides used supplied a better understanding of the factors which determine the polymorphic and crystallization
behavior in triglycerides. 相似文献
5.
6.
A methodology is described for phase restoration of an object function from differential interference contrast (DIC) images. The methodology involves collecting a set of DIC images in the same plane with different bias retardation between the two illuminating light components produced by a Wollaston prism. These images, together with one conventional bright-field image, allows for reduction of the phase deconvolution restoration problem from a highly complex nonlinear mathematical formulation to a set of linear equations that can be applied to resolve the phase for images with a relatively large number of pixels. Additionally, under certain conditions, an on-line atomic force imaging system that does not interfere with the standard DIC illumination modes resolves uncertainties in large topographical variations that generally lead to a basic problem in DIC imaging, i.e., phase unwrapping. Furthermore, the availability of confocal detection allows for a three-dimensional reconstruction with high accuracy of the refractive-index measurement of the object that is to be imaged. This has been applied to reconstruction of the refractive index of an arrayed waveguide in a region in which a defect in the sample is present. The results of this paper highlight the synergism of far-field microscopies integrated with scanned probe microscopies and restoration algorithms for phase reconstruction. 相似文献
7.
Certificate revocation and certificate update 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
We present a solution for the problem of certificate revocation. This solution represents certificate revocation lists by authenticated dictionaries that support: (1) efficient verification whether a certificate is in the list or not and (2) efficient updates (adding/removing certificates from the list). The suggested solution gains in scalability, communication costs, robustness to parameter changes, and update rate. Comparisons to the following solutions (and variants) are included: “traditional” certificate revocation lists (CRLs), Micali's (see Tech. Memo MIT/LCS/TM-542b, 1996) certificate revocation system (CRS), and Kocher's (see Financial Cryptography-FC'98 Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998, vol.1465, p.172-7) certificate revocation trees (CRT). We also consider a scenario in which certificates are not revoked, but frequently issued for short-term periods. Based on the authenticated dictionary scheme, a certificate update scheme is presented in which all certificates are updated by a common message. The suggested solutions for certificate revocation and certificate update problems are better than current solutions with respect to communication costs, update rate, and robustness to changes in parameters, and are compatible, e.g., with X.500 certificates 相似文献
8.
In (Porat et al., 1982, Inform. and Control 55, 108–116) the notion of fair derivations in context-free grammars was introduced and studied. The main result there is a characterization of fairly terminating grammars as non-variable-doubling. In this paper we show that the same characterization is valid under canonical derivations in which the next variable to be expanded is deterministically chosen, leaving nondeterminism only to the decision as to which rule (of the chosen variable) to apply. Two families of canonical derivations are introduced and studied as special cases: spinal derivations and layered derivations. 相似文献
9.
We define the new notion of a (finite-state) unification automaton, a device for finite-state recognition of relational languages by means of unification transitions. Words in such a language are formed by composing base relations, and have the general form ri1(xj1, xk1)···rin(xjn, xkn) for some n. Generation of such languages by regarding Horn clauses as grammers has been considered before, but to the best of our knowledge, recognizing such languages by suitably designed automata is a new approach. The main result presented is a pumping lemma, forming a necessary condition for finite-state recognizability. Some example results about such automata are given. 相似文献
10.
Olga Jacome Guth Judith Aronhime Nissim Garti 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1989,66(11):1606-1613
The polymorphic behavior of 1,3-distearoyl-2-oleo glycerol (SOS) has been investigated in the presence of a selected food
emulsifier, sorbitan monostearate. Five polymorphs, named α, γ, pseudo-β′, and β2, and β1 were crystallized and identified by both x-rays and DSC. Each polymorph was treated using two selected protocols—the “screen
cycle” and the “aging cycle.” It has been demonstrated that sorbitan monostearate, when present in the molten fat, will significantly
retard the α to γ transition during both the screen cycle and the aging cycle. A retardation effect was not detected for the
γ to pseudo-β′ transition (during the screen or the aging cycle). The emulsifier that is inserted into the fat behaves as
a conventional impurity, causing significant reduction in the melting temperatures of each polymorph. As a result, the fat
tends to melt prior to its transition. The behavior of SOS in the presence of the sorbitan monostearate is therefore different
than that of SSS (tristearin), and may explain, in part, the absence of the strong blooming transition to high melting polymorph
that occurs when the fat is rich in SOS. This behavior can also shed some light on the behavior of cocoa butter in the presence
of sorbitan esters. 相似文献