广钢转炉分厂2号方坯连铸机拉速问题的探讨

通过分析钢水在结晶器内凝固的不均匀性及对钢水结晶的热量平衡计算，讨论连铸中间包钢水温度、结晶器冷却水流量及进出水温差对拉坯速度的影响。     

FISCAL STRESS,COMPETING VALUES AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE: WHAT FATE BEFELL AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN MUNICIPAL POLICE DEPARTMENTS?

The late 1970s and early 1980s represent a difficult period for affirmative action programs in American cities. Given a new, conservative political environment symbolized by the re-election of Ronald Reagan and the advent of serious fiscal constraints facing many cities, is it reasonable to expect continuing progress toward representative workforces in municipal governments? This article investigates this question using data gathered from repeated surveys of over 250 municipal police departments in major U.S. cities over the period 1981 to 1984. Findings observed suggest that although minorities made sufficient gains in these years to constitute a firm foothold for future progress, women are likely to have a long and difficult road ahead with respect to their full incorporation into municipal law enforcement.     

Effect of Colletotrichum acutatum ripe rot on the composition and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wine

Background and Aim:  The impacts of the fungal bunch rot pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum (ripe rot) on grape growing are documented; however, little is known about how the disease affects the resulting wine. This work aimed to investigate how ripe rot affects wine composition and sensory properties.
Methods and Results:  Wine was made using Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in the Hastings Valley (NSW). Berries with ripe rot tended to shrivel and acquired a distinctive off flavour and bitterness, described as hessian sack and musty. Wine made from the infected fruit had a higher pH and a higher level of residual sugar, but lower titratable acidity. Volatile acidity in wine made from uninfected fruit was 0.57 g/L, but increased to 0.83 and 1.06 g/L with 1.5 and 3% infection, respectively. Wine made from infected fruit had higher levels of both glycerol and gluconic acid indicative of fungal contamination. Alcohol concentration was also higher in wine made from infected fruit. Sensory analysis indicated that wine made from as low as 3% infected fruit had a similar colour density to control fruit, but a distinctive off-flavour, and browner colour hue.
Conclusions:  As far as we are aware of, this is the first report of a correlation between the level of grape infection by C. acutatum and wine composition in Australia.
Significance of the Study:  These results underline the problems of red grapes infected with C. acutatum . It provides viticulturists and winemakers with information to be considered when assessing grape quality and winemaking process for red wines.     

316Ti不锈钢环境敏感断裂起裂时间研究

采用慢应变速率和恒载荷试验方法,研究在压水堆一次侧工况下氯离子浓度,氧浓度,加载应力和应速率对ＰＷＲ压力边界材料３１６Ｔｉ不锈钢环境促进起裂时间的影响。     

热轧轧制润滑在珠钢CSP的应用

介绍在珠钢CSP生产线上应用轧制润滑的情况，可以降低轧制力和辊耗，改善带钢表面和板形质量及辊面质量，增加薄规格比例，取得了较好的经济效益。     

Ripe rot of south‐eastern Australian wine grapes is caused by two species of Colletotrichum: C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides with differences in infection and fungicide sensitivity

Background and Aims: Ripe rot of grapes is widespread in subtropical vineyards of south‐eastern Australia. We aimed to re‐evaluate the causative agent(s), berry susceptibility, fungicide sensitivity and differences in histopathology. Methods and Results: Both Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides were shown to be responsible for ripe rot in three vineyards surveyed in the Hastings Valley, NSW in 2007 and 2009. Observation on detached berries of Vitis vinifera (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay) revealed that C. acutatum had a faster infection rate than C. gloeosporioides. C. acutatum also formed appressoria and penetrated grape tissue faster than C. gloeosporioides, which produced longer hyphae on the berry surface before penetration. Both C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides produced acervuli 48 h after inoculation. In contrast, spore germination rates and growth rates on potato dextrose agar were greater for C. gloeosporioides. The two species differed in their sensitivity to the fungicides benomyl, captan and triadimenol. C. acutatum was significantly more sensitive to captan and triadimenol, whereas C. gloeosporioides was more sensitive to benomyl. Conclusions: Both C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides cause ripe rot of wine grapes in Australia. Subtle differences in the infection process may explain the relative prevalence of the two species. Significance of the Study: This study confirms the involvement of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides in ripe rot of grapes in Australia. Knowledge of growth characteristics and fungicide sensitivity of ripe rot pathogens should aid disease management strategies.     

Studies on Colletotrichum acutatum and Greeneria uvicola: Two fungi associated with bunch rot of grapes in sub-tropical Australia

Vineyards in the Hunter Valley and Hastings Valley (sub-tropical NSW) were examined by unaided eye for visible symptoms of bunch rot diseases at berry maturity in 2003 (for a total of five varieties over seven vineyards). Grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea ) was evident in three vineyards, and ripe rot ( Colletotrichum acutatum ) was evident in four of those seven vineyards surveyed. Other bunch rots at six of the vineyards could not be readily identified by visual inspection. The incidence of fungi on grapevine reproductive structures (and potentially bunch-rot fungi) was then recorded for a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in the Hastings Valley during the 2004/5 and 2005/6 growing seasons, and outcomes are reported here in some detail. By berry maturity, C. acutatum and Greeneria uvicola (bitter rot) were the predominant pathogens isolated from those structures, and constitute the first such report of bitter rot fungi on wine grapes in Australia. Indeed, the frequency of latent infection by C. acutatum and G. uvicola increased with berry development during the growing season. Other fungi isolated included Alternaria spp ., Botryosphaeria spp., Cladosporium spp ., Epicoccum sp. , Fusarium spp. , Nigrospora spp. , Pestalotia spp. , Phomopsis viticola and Trichoderma spp . Isolation of B. cinerea from this vineyard was rare. Infection of various wine grape varieties in vitro with C. acutatum and G. uvicola at post veraison revealed all varieties to be susceptible over a range of temperatures (20—35^oC). Based on laboratory studies, there was no infection of berries at a relative humidity (RH) < 50%, and infection diminished at 87% RH. Infection did occur if the berries were first incubated at 100% RH for 24 hours, and then transferred to an environment of lower humidity.     

Free Amino Acids in Ham Muscle During Successive Aging Periods and Their Relation to Flavor

SUMMARY— The free amino acids and total ninhydrin positive material (NPM) in a 1% picric acid extract from dry-cured hams were measured after six different periods of aging. Correlation coefficients were calculated between amino acid values and taste panel scores. Significant (P < .051 increases were observed for NPM, serine, glutamic acid, threonine, leucine and isoleucine (not separated), valine, phenylalanine, proline, tyrosine, alanine, glycine and histidine during successive aging periods. Correlation coefficients between NPM and the organoleptic measurements of aged flavor, acidity, elasticity, crumbliness and softness were all highly significant. It k postulated that the increase in free amino acids can be attributed to action of the naturally occurring cathepsins. The free amino acids and their changes in concentration in relationship to flavor are discussed.     

Rootknot nematodes from vineyards and comparisons between crop species as hosts for Meloidogyne spp.

Meloidogyne populations from vineyards were identified by perineal pattern, by mtDNA analysis and by a diagnostic host range test, to assess diversity and to relate this to host range on vineyard inter-row crops. Perineal patterns, covering 17 populations, identified three species, namely M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. arenaria race 2 and haplotype D, corresponding to M. javanica. M. incognita was not detected. The diagnostic host range test, covering 10 populations, indicated a similar outcome for all and identified them as M. arenaria race 2 and/or M. javanica (not separable by test). Results were not consistent with presence of M. incognita. All six populations did not produce eggs on Brumby ryegrass or Coolabah oats, reproduced only slightly on Cooba oats and Adagio radish, but reproduced well on Rangi rape and Polybra turnip and Kopu white clover. The common occurrence of M. incognita in vineyards in Australia is questioned. Low diversity amongst Meloidogyne populations infesting vineyards in Australia is consistent with importantion of a small founder population followed by distribution on planting material.