Organic Design of Massively Distributed Systems: A Complex Networks Perspective

The vision of Organic Computing addresses challenges that arise in the design of future information systems that are comprised of numerous, heterogeneous, resource-constrained and error-prone components. The notion organic highlights the idea that, in order to be manageable, such systems should exhibit self-organization, self-adaptation and self-healing characteristics similar to those of biological systems. In recent years, the principles underlying these characteristics are increasingly being investigated from the perspective of complex systems science, particularly using the conceptual framework of statistical physics and statistical mechanics. In this article, we review some of the interesting relations between statistical physics and networked systems and discuss applications in the engineering of organic overlay networks with predictable macroscopic properties.     

Numerical algorithms for dynamic traffic demand estimation between zones in a network

This paper presents numerical methods for dynamic traffic demand estimation between N zones in a network, where the zones are disjoint subsets of nodes of the network. Traffic is assumed to be generated or absorbed only in the zones and nowhere else in the network. Traffic volumes between zones over a fixed period of time are modeled as independent random variables with unknown means which it is desired to estimate. For each zone, the volume of all incoming and outgoing traffic is counted on a regular basis but no information about the origin or destination of the observed traffic is used. Procedures are suggested for a regular update of estimates of the N(N - 1) mean traffic demands between the zones on the basis of an incoming stream of the 2N traffic counts. The procedures are based on an exponential smoothing scheme and are reminiscent of the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm if smoothing is removed. Fast and reliable numerical algorithms, based on the conjugate gradient method, are presented for normal as well as for Poisson traffic demands. The Poisson case is linked with entropy maximization. Computational tests based on simulated data demonstrate both the numerical and statistical efficiency of the procedures.     

Untersuchung einer mehrlagigen Schweißnaht eines dickwandigen Rohres aus dem austenitischen Stahl X6 CrNiNb 18 10

Analysis of a multi pass weld of a thick walled tube made of austenitic stainless steel X6 CrNiNb 18 10 In this paper, microstructure and residual stresses of a multi pass welding of a thick‐walled tube made of austenitic stainless steel X6 CrNiNb 18 10 (1.4550) are systematically characterized and assessed. Results of microstructural and phase analyses, residual stress and hardness measurements as well as of a tensile test using micro specimen and SEM analyses are presented. Using these data, plastic deformations occurring during the welding process in the vicinity of the weld seam are evaluated. Finally, consequences of an additional heat treatment at 400 °C/24 h are studied.     

Residual Stress State of Brazed Ceramic/Metal Compounds, Determined by Analytical Methods and X-ray Residual Stress Measurements

The residual stress state of brazed ceramic/metal compounds is described by means of X-ray residual stress determinations and analytical calculations using a model of three elastic infinite plates. It is shown that the residual stress state of the soldered compound depends on the materials combination and on the geometrical conditions. The combination of X-ray residual stress measurements and analytical calculations allows decisions on whether the assumption of a linear elastic model, based on elementary bending theory, is valid for the particular compounds.     

Occurrence of sotolon,abhexon and theaspirane‐derived molecules in Gueuze beers. Chemical similarities with ‘yellow wines’

The typical Belgian Gueuze beers are produced with aged hop from a grist of malt and wheat, according to a very long oxidation process (extended boiling, cooling overnight in an open‐air container, oak‐barrel ageing). Two theaspirane‐oxidation‐derived products, dihydrodehydro‐β‐ionone and 4‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dihydro‐β‐ionone, are evidenced here for the first time in Gueuze beers. Both compounds have been recently identified in oxidative wines such as Jura Flor‐Sherry and Sauternes wines. Another analogy with Jura Flor‐Sherry wines was the presence of the nutty/curry odorants sotolon and abhexon, although at lower concentrations. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Influence of heat transfer on the development of residual stresses in quenched steel cylinders

In this paper results of systematic FE-calculations about the influence of characteristic points of the temperature dependent heat transfer coefficient, especially the Leidenfrost point and the point of maximum heat transfer coefficient on the development of residual stresses are discussed. The numerical investigations were carried out for SAE 1045 and 4140 steel cylinders with 10 and 20 mm 0 quenched in water and oil, respectively. In this work experimentally determined h, T-curves are linearly approximated in the successive stages of heat transfer. Changes of the Leidenfrost-temperature do not influence the middle plane residual stresses of the cylinders investigated. Increasing maximum heat transfer coefficients and low temperatures of maximum heat transfer coefficient, respectively, cause higher magnitudes of residual stress. The development of residual stresses is determined by the temperature dependent gradient of the heat flux density δq/δT in the temperature range of martensitic transformation. Increasing Leidenfrost-temperatures cause more homogeneous stress and residual stress states at the surface of quenched cylinders due to the symmetrical cooling of the sample in axial as well as in radial direction. In particular, it was shown that during immersion cooling of cylindrical parts the heat transfer is locally dependent. Simulating immersion cooling this dependence has to be considered using effective local heat transfer coefficients.     

Die Auswirkungen des Bauschingereffekts auf das Verformungsverhalten von normalgeglühtem Stahl Ck 45

An normalgeglühten Proben aus Ck 45 werden die Auswirkungen des Bauschingereffekts bei einachsig homogener Beanspruchung untersucht. Zunächst werden Kennwerte vorgestellt, die eine quantitative Beschreibung des Bauschingereffekts gestatten. Der Bauschingereffekt wirkt sich nicht nur auf einzelne Festigkeitskennwerte aus, sondern beeinflußt das gesamte Verformungsverhalten in charakteristischer Weise. Schon während der Entlastungsphase treten plastische Rückverformungen auf, so daß vorverformter Ck 45 bei Beanspruchung entgegen der Vorverformungsrichtung die Streckgrenze ?Null” besitzt. Es wird gezeigt, wie die Bemessung von Bauteilen bei vorliegendem Bauschingereffekt vorzunehmen ist.     

Das Verformungsverhalten im Zugversuch des Stahles Ck45 bei tiefen Temperaturen

An glatten und verschieden gekerbten Proben aus Ck45 wurden im Temperaturbereich 100 K ≦ T ≦ 295 K Zugversuche mit konstanter Querhauptgeschwindigkeit durchgeführt, wobei in Abhängigkeit von den Zugkräften sowohl die Probenverlängerungen als auch die Kerbgrunddehnungen bestimmt wurden. Während die aus Nennspannungs, Probenverlängerungs-Diagrammen ermittelten Werkstoffwiderstandsgrößen keine Aussagen zum Deformationsverhalten des Kerbgrundes zulassen, können anhand der Nennspannungs, Kerbgrunddehnungs-Diagramme die temperatur- und formzahlabhängigen Kerbstreckgrenzen beurteilt werden. Unter Berücksichtigung des im Kerbgrund vorliegenden zweiachsigen Spannungszustandes beschreibt bei den gewählten Versuchstemperaturen die Gestaltänderungsenergiehypothese die Abhängigkeit der Kerbstreckgrenze von der Formzahl qualitativ richtig. Die auftretenden Unterschiede zwischen rechnerischer Abschätzung und Experiment werden erörtert. Durch Verformungsmessungen und durch rasterelektronenmikroskopische Bruchflächenuntersuchungen wird nachgewiesen, daß auch den bei Temperaturen von 100 K auftretenden makroskopisch spröden Brüchen der Kerbstäbe merkliche plastische Verformungen vorausgehen. Die Kerbzugfestigkeit nimmt in Abhängigkeit von der Formzahl bei allen Temperaturen zunächst mit der Formzahl zu und fällt nach Erreichen eines Maximalwertes wieder ab.