With the increasing number of electricity consumers, production, distribution, and consumption problems of produced energy have appeared. This paper proposed an optimization method to reduce the peak demand using smart grid capabilities. In the proposed method, a hybrid Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) with the self-adaptive Differential Evolution (DE) is used, called HGOA. The proposed method takes advantage of the global and local search strategies from Differential Evolution and Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm. Experimental results are applied in two scenarios; the first scenario has universal inputs and several appliances. The second scenario has an expanded number of appliances. The results showed that the proposed method (HGOA) got better power scheduling arrangements and better performance than other comparative algorithms using the classical benchmark functions. Moreover, according to the computational time, it runs in constant execution time as the population is increased. The proposed method got 0.26?% enhancement compared to the other methods. Finally, we found that the proposed HGOA always got better results than the original method in the worst cases and the best cases.
The paper focuses on quantitative evaluation of the microstructural changes - growth of the dislocation density - in stainless steel specimens subjected to fatigue loading. We propose to use electrical resistivity measurements for this goal. Change in electrical resistance of the specimens has been monitored in dependence on the number of fatigue cycles and the relative growth of the dislocation density was calculated from these data and known values of the specific resistivity of dislocations for iron. We also estimated the growth of dislocation density using analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of etched specimens. This estimate however appears to be unreasonably low, so that SEM may be used for qualitative analysis only. 相似文献
The magnetotransport properties of Ni81Fe19/W90Ti10 multilayers are investigated. The effect of the thicknesses of magnetic (Ni81Fe19) and nonmagnetic (WTi) layers on the magnetoresistance (MR) is theoretically discussed in the framework of the Johnson–Camley semiclassical approach based on the Boltzmann transport equation. A comparison between the calculated and measured MR ratios is obtained. The observed MR ratio oscillates for WTi layer thickness with an average period of 10 Å. A weak MR(tNiFe) ratio for a fixed tWTi is obtained, and it presents a maximum peak of the MR with a value of 0.8 % located at tNiFe = 50 Å. In addition, electronic and magnetic properties of multilayers are investigated by self-consistent ab initio calculations based on the Korringa–Kohn–Rostocker (KKR) approximation. Spin polarized within the framework of the coherent potential approximation (CPA) is considered for calculations. 相似文献
We describe and analyse a simple method for the measurement of thin film surface impedance in the frequency range 10–20 MHz. This method is based on the analysis of both the frequency shift and the amplitude variation of the signal in a tunnel diode oscillator circuit inductively coupled to the sample. The sensitivity of the method to the conducting properties of the thin films is a function which is greatly dependent on geometrical parameters and which can be easily optimized and included in the response calculation. The analysis is illustrated by examples with superconducting and normal metal films. The resolution of the measurements is also discussed. 相似文献
BACKGROUND: The management of retrograde dissections originating from the transverse arch is controversial. Although replacing the ascending aorta is clearly beneficial, the appropriate approach to the management of the arch tear is not as apparent and ranges from no intervention to total arch replacement. METHODS: Three patients presented with acute (n = 2) or subacute (n = 1) aortic dissection, with tears involving the transverse arch. All underwent local transaortic pledgeted suture repair of the arch tears during hypothermic circulatory arrest, as well as graft replacement of the ascending aorta. RESULTS: Circulatory arrest times ranged from 12 to 15 minutes (transaortic arch repairs alone) to 48 minutes (transaortic arch repair and open distal graft anastomosis). Postoperatively all patients awoke within 12 hours and subsequently did well neurologically. CONCLUSIONS: In the face of a type A dissection with an entry in the transverse arch, local transaortic repair with concomitant ascending aortic replacement represents a viable middle ground between no arch intervention and lengthy arch replacement. Huge entry tears or aneurysmal arch enlargement would preclude such an approach. 相似文献
Corallopyronin A is a myxobacterial compound with potent antibacterial activity. Feeding experiments with labelled precursors resulted in the deduction of all biosynthetic building blocks for corallopyronin A and revealed an unusual feature of this metabolite: its biosynthesis from two chains, one solely PKS‐derived and the other NRPS/PKS‐derived. The starter molecule is believed to be carbonic acid or its monomethyl ester. The putative corallopyronin A biosynthetic gene cluster is a trans‐AT‐type mixed PKS/NRPS gene cluster, containing a β‐branching cassette. Striking features of this gene cluster are a NRPS‐like adenylation domain that is part of a PKS‐type module and is believed to be responsible for glycine incorporation, as well as split modules with individual domains occurring on different genes. It is suggested that CorB is a trans‐acting ketosynthase and it is proposed that it catalyses the Claisen condensation responsible for the interconnection of the two chains. Additionally, the stereochemistry of corallopyronin A was deduced by a combination of a modified Mosher's method and ozonolysis with subsequent chiral GC analyses.相似文献
In this work, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in the 400–700°C range is used to adjust simultaneously the index and thickness of titanium oxide layers in order to achieve an antireflection coating (ARC) in industrial conditions (large solar cells with a high throughput capability). The technique used for high production rate and low cost coating process is the atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) at low temperature.Titanium oxide layers are obtained from the hydrolysis of two precursors, namely the tetraisopropoxide titanate (TPT) and the titanium tetrachloride. In the first case, on silicon substrates at 150°C, we have obtained refractive indices of 1.8–1.9 with layer thicknesses in the range 70–100 nm. In the second case, at 100°C, the refractive index is 2.1–2.2 as deposited and the thickness in the same range. After RTA lasting 120 s at 700°C, the refractive index is 2.25 and the thickness is decreased by 40% with the first precursor, while with chloride, the index increases until 2.4 and the thickness is decreased by 30%. These results are discussed by means of X-ray diffraction and SIMS analysis. 相似文献
Results on nonlinear phenomenon (NLP) in the liquid phase hydrogenation of methyl benzoylformate (MBF) and pyruvaldehyde dimethyl acetal (PA) on chiral Pt-cinchona catalyst are reported for the first time (enantiomeric excess 90–95%). The new data support the conclusions of the NLP studies on ethyl pyruvate (EP) and ketopantolactone (KPL). Namely, the order of the adsorption strengths of the parent cinchona alkaloids are: CD > CN > QN ~ QD and the results of the NLP measurements indirectly verify the so-called 1:1 model of enantioselection. The new data, however, call attention to a new, substrate and modifier dependent phenomenon, which necessitates further experiments for a better understanding of the mechanism of the Orito reaction. 相似文献