Femtocell based green power consumption methods for mobile network

This paper presents the analytical models of power consumption in macrocell, microcell, picocell and femtocell based networks. Five case studies are presented in this paper where macrocells, microcells, picocells and femtocells are deployed based on the number of mobile subscribers present in a region, mobile user traffic in that region and the area of the region where cellular coverage has to be provided. A comparative study is performed between the power consumption by the base stations in each of these five cases and that of the only macrocell based network. The simulation results demonstrate that using each of these five strategies the power consumption by the base stations can be minimized than that of only macrocell based network. Based on the power consumption by the base stations in these five schemes, we have categorized the networks into five classes, A, B, C, D and E, each of which contains cells of different types to reduce power consumption to achieve green cellular network.     

Electric and dielectric study of cobalt substituted MgMn nanoferrites synthesized by solution combustion technique

Cobalt substituted Mg–Mn nanoferrites with formulae Mg_0.9Mn_0.1Co_xFe_2?xO₄, x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, have been synthesized for the first time by the solution combustion technique. The effects of Co²⁺ ions on the dc resistivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent of Mg–Mn nanoferrites at room temperature are presented in this paper. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a single phase spinel structure. Particle size was found to increase, 20.9–23.9 nm, with increasing Co²⁺ concentration. The dc resistivity was increased by two order of magnitude with substitution of Co²⁺ ions while the dielectric constant was found to be decreasing with the increasing concentration of cobalt ions. The value of dc resistivity obtained for Mg_0.9Mn_0.1Fe₂O₄ nanoferrite in our work is greater than the value obtained for the same composition prepared by the conventional ceramic technique. Further, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent were observed to be decreasing with the increase in frequency.     

Toward better compliance with iron-folic acid supplements: understanding the behavior of poor urban pregnant women through ethnographic decision models in Vadodara, India

This study made an attempt to develop ethnographic decision models to understand and improve iron-folic acid supplement procurement and compliance-related behaviors of poor urban pregnant women in Vadodara, India, based on data obtained through the use of qualitative research tools. Open-ended, in-depth interviews were conducted with 36 pregnant women (17-32 weeks of gestation) purposively selected from four urban slums. Fortnightly home visits were made to the houses of 20 pregnant women-family member pairs to elicit behaviors related to iron-folic acid supplement procurement and compliance at the household level, from which the ethnographic decision models were developed. The hemoglobin levels of these women were also assessed. Regular counseling until delivery, based on the ethnographic data, helped to improve compliance, which resulted in 95% of the women consuming over 90% of the required dose. The mean hemoglobin level also improved from 9.6 to 11.08 g/dl until the end of the last trimester. This study highlighted the need for qualitative ethnographic data to develop such models that would help in the understanding of specific behaviors that influence program acceptance. Such data would have policy-level implications, for example, developing appropriate information-education-communication material and counseling strategies.     

Bicontinuous microemulsions as media for electrochemical studies

Biocontinuous microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB)/dodecane/water were explored as media for voltammetric reductions and oxidations of ruthenium(III) hexaammine, ferrocyanide, ferrocene, cob(II)alamin, and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These clear microemulsions are conductive and are believed to contain a dynamic extended network of interconnected water tubules. Agreement of simulated and experimental voltammetric data shows that electrochemical theory for homogeneous media is followed to a good approximation in DDAB microemulsions. Diffusion of electroactive solutes did not reflect the high bulk viscosities of the microemulsions. Non-polar molecules and ions diffuse as if they were in neat oil or aqueous media, respectively, and voltammograms with good signal to noise ratio are obtained. Reductions of PAHs in the microemulsions occurred by an ECE-type pathway, with nearly reversible one-electron reductions achieved at high scan rates.     

Novel Acyl Phosphate Mimics that Target PlsY,an Essential Acyltransferase in Gram‐Positive Bacteria

PlsY is a recently discovered acyltransferase that executes an essential step in membrane phospholipid biosynthesis in Gram‐ positive bacteria. By using a bioisosteric replacement approach to generate substrate‐based inhibitors of PlsY as potential novel antibacterial agents, a series of stabilized acyl phosphate mimetics, including acyl phosphonates, acyl α,α‐difluoromethyl phosphonates, acyl phosphoramides, reverse amide phosphonates, acyl sulfamates, and acyl sulfamides were designed and synthesized. Several acyl phosphonates, phosphoramides, and sulfamates were identified as inhibitors of PlsY from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus anthracis. As anticipated, these inhibitors were competitive inhibitors with respect to the acyl phosphate substrate. Antimicrobial testing showed the inhibitors to have generally weak activity against Gram‐positive bacteria with the exception of some acyl phosphonates, reverse amide phosphonates, and acyl sulfamates, which had potent activity against multiple strains of B. anthracis.     

Patterns: from system design to software testing

Design patterns are used extensively in the design of software systems. Patterns codify effective solutions for recurring design problems and allow software engineers to reuse these solutions, tailoring them appropriately to their particular applications, rather than reinventing them from scratch. In this paper, we consider the following question: How can system designers and implementers test whether their systems, as implemented, are faithful to the requirements of the patterns used in their design? A key consideration underlying our work is that the testing approach should enable us, in testing whether a particular pattern P has been correctly implemented in different systems designed using P, to reuse the common parts of this effort rather than having to do it from scratch for each system. Thus in the approach we present, corresponding to each pattern P, there is a set of pattern test case templates (PTCTs). A PTCT codifies a reusable test case structure designed to identify defects associated with applications of P in all systems designed using P. Next we present a process using which, given a system designed using P, the system tester can generate a test suite from the PTCTs for P that can be used to test the particular system for bugs in the implementation of P in that system. This allows the tester to tailor the PTCTs for P to the needs of the particular system by specifying a set of specialization rules that are designed to reflect the scenarios in which the defects codified in this set of PTCTs are likely to manifest themselves in the particular system. We illustrate the approach using the Observer pattern.     

Microstructural,etching and hardness studies on flux-grown KNiF3 crystals

Surface structures on {100} faces of flux-grown KNiF₃ crystals are reported. Etching experiments establish HNO₃ to be a dislocation etchant for the crystals. The etching behaviour of the HNO₃-KNiF₃ surface system is investigated. The results obtained on the effect of etching time and etchant concentration on lateral extension and depth of dislocation etch pits are reported. It is observed that the etchant is rendered passive after some period of initial etching. Indentation-induced hardness testing studies suggest a Vickers microhardness value in the range of (2.93 to 3.50)×10² kg mm^–2, and the response of indentation to load is in accordance with Kick's Law.     

A generalized analysis on material invariant characteristics for microwave heating of slabs

A generalized dimensionless formulation has been developed to predict the spatial distribution of microwave power and temperature. The ‘dimensionless analysis’ is mainly based on three numbers: wave number, ; free space wave number, ; and penetration number, , where is the ratio of sample thickness to wavelength of microwaves within a material, is based on wavelength within free space and is the ratio of sample thickness to penetration depth. The material dielectric properties and sample thicknesses form the basis of these dimensionless numbers. The volumetric heat source due to microwaves can be expressed as a combination of dimensionless numbers and electric field distributions. The spatial distributions of microwave power for uniform plane waves can be obtained from the combination of transmitted and reflected waves within a material. Microwave heating characteristics are obtained by solving energy balance equations where the dimensionless temperature is scaled with respect to incident microwave intensity. The generalized trends of microwave power absorption are illustrated via average power plots as a function of , and . The average power contours exhibit oscillatory behavior with corresponding to smaller for smaller values of . The spatial distributions of dimensionless electric fields and power are obtained for various and . The spatial resonance or maxima on microwave power is represented by zero phase difference between transmitted and reflected waves. It is observed that the number of spatial resonances increases with for smaller regimes whereas the spatial power follows the exponential decay law for higher regimes irrespective of and . These trends are observed for samples incident with microwaves at one face and both the faces. The heating characteristics are shown for various materials and generalized heating patterns are shown as functions of , and . The generalized heating characteristics involve either spatial temperature distributions or uniform temperature profiles based on both thermal parameters and dimensionless numbers ().     

The Future of Computer Science

Computer science is undergoing a fundamental change and is reshaping our understanding of the world. An important aspect of this change is the theory and applications dealing with the gathering and analyzing of large real-world data sets. In this paper, we introduce four research projects in which processing and interpreting large data sets is a central focus. Innovative ways of analyzing such data sets allow us to extract useful information that we would never have obtained from small or synthetic data sets, thus providing us with new insights into the real world.