This work was initiated to prepare protein-stabilized β-carotene nanodispersions using emulsification–evaporation. A pre-mix
of the aqueous phase composed of a protein and hexane containing β-carotene was subjected to high-pressure homogenization
using a microfluidizer. Hexane in the resulting emulsion was evaporated under reduced pressures, causing crystallization and
precipitation of β-carotene inside the droplets and formation of β-carotene nanoparticles. Sodium caseinate (SC) was the most
effective emulsifier among selected proteins in preparing the nanodispersion, with a monomodal β-carotene particle-size distribution
and a 17-nm mean particle size. The results were confirmed by transmission-electron microscopy analysis. SC-stabilized nanodispersion
also had considerably high ζ-potential (−27 mV at pH 7), suggesting that the nanodispersion was stable against particle aggregation.
Increasing the SC concentration decreased the mean particle size and improved the polydispersity of the nanodispersions. Nanodispersions
prepared with higher β-carotene concentrations and higher organic-phase ratios resulted in larger β-carotene particles. Although
increased microfluidization pressure did not decrease particle size, it did improve the polydispersity of the nanodispersions.
Repeating the microfluidization process at 140 MPa caused the nanodispersions to become polydisperse, indicating the loss
of emulsifying capacity of SC due to protein denaturation. 相似文献
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), characterized by recurrent episodes of oxygen desaturation and reoxygenation (intermittent hypoxia (IH)), is a risk factor for hypertension and insulin resistance. We report a correlation between IH and insulin resistance/diabetes. However, the reason why hypertension is induced by IH is elusive. Here, we investigated the effect of IH on the expression of catecholamine-metabolizing enzymes using an in vitro IH system. Human and mouse neuroblastoma cells (NB-1 and Neuro-2a) were exposed to IH or normoxia for 24 h. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that IH significantly increased the mRNA levels of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) in both NB-1 and Neuro-2a. Western blot showed that the expression of DBH and PNMT in the NB-1 cells was significantly increased by IH. Reporter assays revealed that promoter activities of DBH and PNMT were not increased by IH. The miR-375 level of IH-treated cells was significantly decreased relative to that of normoxia-treated cells. The IH-induced up-regulation of DBH and PNMT was abolished by the introduction of the miR-375 mimic, but not by the control RNA. These results indicate that IH stress increases levels of DBH and PNMT via the inhibition of miR-375-mediated mRNA degradation, potentially playing a role in the emergence of hypertension in SAS patients. 相似文献
Members of the microRNA-29 (miR-29) family directly target the DNA methyltransferases, DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Disturbances in the expression levels of miR-29 have been linked to tumorigenesis and tumor aggressiveness. Members of the miR-29 family are currently thought to repress DNA methylation and suppress tumorigenesis by protecting against de novo methylation. Here, we report that members of the miR-29 family repress the activities of DNA methyltransferases and DNA demethylases, which have opposing roles in control of DNA methylation status. Members of the miR-29 family directly inhibited DNA methyltransferases and two major factors involved in DNA demethylation, namely tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG). Overexpression of miR-29 upregulated the global DNA methylation level in some cancer cells and downregulated DNA methylation in other cancer cells, suggesting that miR-29 suppresses tumorigenesis by protecting against changes in the existing DNA methylation status rather than by preventing de novo methylation of DNA. 相似文献
This work was initiated to prepare an oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion containing β‐carotene by microfluidization. The β‐carotene was dissolved in triolein and microfluidized with an aqueous phase containing sodium caseinate (SC) as the emulsifier. Microfluization at 140 MPa resulted in O/W emulsions with a mean droplet diameter of ca. 120 nm, which was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The influences of SC concentration and microfluidization parameters on the droplet size of the emulsions were studied. The results showed that the mean droplet diameter decreased significantly (p <0.05) from 310 to 93 nm with the increase in SC concentration from 0.1 to 2 wt‐%. However, a further increase in SC concentration did not much change the droplet diameter, although the polydispersity of the emulsions was slightly improved. The droplet diameter of the emulsions was found to decrease from 200 to 120 nm with increasing microfluidization pressure, with narrower droplet size distribution. The storage study showed that the emulsions were physically stable for about 2 weeks at 4 °C in the dark. The results provide a better understanding of the performance of SC in stabilizing the O/W emulsions. 相似文献
In the past, arms used in the fields of industry and robotics have been designed not to vibrate by increasing their mass and stiffness. The weight of arms has tended to be reduced to improve speed of operation, and decrease the cost of their production. Since the weight saving makes the arms lose their stiffness and therefore vibrate more easily, the vibration suppression control is needed for realizing the above purpose. Incidentally, the use of various smart materials in actuators has grown. In particular, a shape memory alloy (SMA) is applied widely and has several advantages: light weight, large displacement by temperature change, and large force to mass ratio. However, the SMA actuators possess hysteresis nonlinearity between their own temperature and displacement obtained by the temperature. The hysteretic behavior of the SMA actuators affects their control performance. In previous research, an operator-based control system including a hysteresis compensator has been proposed. The vibration of a flexible arm is dealt with as the controlled object; one end of the arm is clamped and the other end is free. The effectiveness of the hysteresis compensator has been confirmed by simulations and experiments. Nevertheless, the feedback signal of the previous designed system has increased exponentially. It is difficult to use the system in the long-term because of the phenomenon. Additionally, the SMA actuator generates and radiates heat because electric current passing through the SMA actuator provides heat, and strain on the SMA actuator is generated. With long-time use of the SMA actuator, the environmental temperature around the SMA actuator varies through radiation of the heat. There exists a risk that the ambient temperature change dealt with as disturbance affects the temperature and strain of the SMA actuator. In this research, a design method of the operator-based control system is proposed considering the long-term use of the system. In the method, the hysteresis characteristics of the SMA actuator and the temperature change around the actuator are considered. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations and experiments.