The present paper describes a new method for manufacturing a nanostructured porous layer of TiO2 on a conducting glass substrate for use in a dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell. The method involves deposition of a layer of semiconductor particles onto a conducting substrate and compression of the particle layer to form a mechanically stable, electrically conducting, and porous nanostructured film at room temperature. Photoelectrochemical characteristics and morphology of the resulting nanostructured films are presented. The potential use of the new manufacturing method in the future applications of nanostructured systems is discussed. 相似文献
We present a family of techniques for the transmission electron microscope that generate surface zone-axis patterns. These patterns display the variation of the diffracted-beam intensity as a function of the angle of the incident electrons. The conditions of the experiments are those of reflection high-energy electron diffraction at near grazing incidence. The techniques are: surface convergent-beam diffraction, a surface analogue of the Tanaka method and a modified double-rocking scheme. Experimental results are presented for diffraction from surfaces of MgO and MoS2. We anticipate that surface zone-axis patterns (surface ZAPs) will become established as an important tool for surface characterization, especially when used in conjunction with high-resolution surface imaging and surface energy loss spectroscopy; surface ZAPs may be expected to play, in surface analysis, a role analogous to that played by convergent-beam diffraction in normal transmission electron microscopy. 相似文献
In the verified architecture microprocessor (VAMP) project we have designed, functionally verified, and synthesized a processor
with full DLX instruction set, delayed branch, Tomasulo scheduler, maskable nested precise interrupts, pipelined fully IEEE
compatible dual precision floating point unit with variable latency, and separate instruction and data caches. The verification
has been carried out in the theorem proving system PVS. The processor has been implemented on a Xilinx FPGA.
A shorter version of this article with the title “Instantiating uninterpreted functional units and memory system: functional
verification of the VAMP” appeared in [8]. The work reported here was done while all the authors were with Saarland University. 相似文献
In model tests hazelnuts, soy beans and wheat were fumigated with phosphine (PH3) at non constant concentrations. The influence of different concentration characteristics on the fumigation and the decomposition of phosphine residues was investigated in accordance with the fumigation technique. At the beginning the concentration increases, and after attaining the maximum gradually decreases to zero. The level of residues during the fumigation as well as the behaviour of residues during the storage of the fumigated products was monitored with a gas chromatographic method. The residues correlate with the concentration of phosphine, they also pass through a peak. The rate of decomposition of residues which had been formed in the phase of increasing concentration is greater than the rate of residues of equal magnitude which had been formed during the decreasing phase. When the concentration is even the maximum residue occurs later than the maximum concentration; when there is a steep trend both maximums coincide. This behaviour can be explained by the sorption and diffusion of phosphine. A comparison is made with the phosphine concentration which occurs during fumigation in practice. The parameters which produce a constant concentration trend with only one maximum and a non constant trend with an often increasing and decreasing concentration are discussed. The different behaviour of residues in these cases is described. Conclusions are drawn for the practice of fumigation. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung In Modellversuchen wurden Haselnüsse, Sojabohnen und Weizen bei zeitlich nicht konstanter Konzentration mit Phosphin begast. Dabei wurden — in Anlehnung an die Begasungspraxis —verschiedene Konzentrationsverläufe mit zunächst ansteigender und nach Überschreiten eines Maximums wieder abfallender PH3-Konzentration hinsichtlich des Einflusses auf die Rückstandsbildung bzw. den Rückstandsabbau untersucht. Die Rückstandshöhe während der Begasung als auch das Rückstandsverhalten bei der anschließenden Lagerung der behandelten Produkte wurde mit einem gaschromatographischen Verfahren überwacht. Die sich bildenden Phosphin-Rückstände folgen dabei der Tendenz nach dem Konzentrationsprofil, sie durchlaufen ebenfalls ein Maximalwert. Rückstände, die in der Phase der ansteigenden Konzentration entstehen, bauen jedoch bei der Lagerung schneller ab als gleich hohe Rückstände, die sich in der Zeit der absinkenden Konzentration bilden. Bei sehr flach verlaufender Konzentration tritt der Maximal-Rückstand gegenüber dem Konzentrationsmaximum zeitlich verzögert auf, bei sehr steilem Konzentrationsverlauf fallen beide Maxima zusammen. Die Vorgänge lassen sich durch das Diffusions- und Sorptionsverhalten des Phosphins begründen. Es wird ein Vergleich mit dem Konzentrationsverlauf bei Praxisbegasungen geführt. Die Einflüsse, die ein stetiges Konzentrationsprofil mit nur einem Maximum bzw. einen Verlauf mit häufig steigender und fallender Konzentration bedingen, werden erläutert und das in beiden Fällen unterschiedliche Rückstandsverhalten untersucht und diskutiert. Schlußfolgerungen für die Begasungspraxis werden gezogen.
Phosphine residues in hazelnuts, soybeans, and wheat after fumigation with non constant cocentrations
Summary In model tests hazelnuts, soy beans and wheat were fumigated with phosphine (PH3) at non constant concentrations. The influence of different concentration characteristics on the fumigation and the decomposition of phosphine residues was investigated in accordance with the fumigation technique. At the beginning the concentration increases, and after attaining the maximum gradually decreases to zero. The level of residues during the fumigation as well as the behaviour of residues during the storage of the fumigated products was monitored with a gaschromatographic method. The residues correlate with the concentration of phosphine, they also pass through a peak. The rate of decomposition of residues which had been formed in the phase of increasing concentration is greater than the rate of residues of equal magnitude which had been formed during the decreasing phase. When the concentration is even the maximum residue occurs later than the maximum concentration; when there is a steep trend both maximums coincide. This behaviour can be explained by the sorption and diffusion of phosphine. A comparison is made with the phosphine concentration which occurs during fumigation in practice. The parameters which produce a constant concentration trend with only one maximum and a non constant trend with an often increasing and decreasing concentration are discussed. The different behaviour of residues in these cases is described. Conclusions are drawn for the practice of fumigation.
Gefördert im Rahmen einer Sachbeihilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft an Dr. R. Wohlgemuth, Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Vorratsschutz, Berlin-Dahlem, zum Thema: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß verschiedener Parameter auf die Rückstandsbildung bei der Begasung von Lebensmitteln gegen Schädlinge 相似文献
The Dokan Reservoir dam is a concrete cylindrical arch with gravity abutments, located on the Lesser Zab River about 60 km from the city of Sulaimani in north‐eastern Iraq. A bathymetric survey was conducted in November 2014 for a period of 10 days, using an echo sounder of 200‐kHz single beam. The survey results indicated an annual average sediment deposition of 3.8 million m3. Thirty‐two sediment samples were collected from the reservoir bed. The ratio of gravel, sand, silt and clay was 15:14:48:23, respectively. The reservoir bed is covered mainly with silt. The sediments are composed of silty clay (77.6%), silty sandy clay (10%), sandy gravely silty clay (1.2%) and gravely sandy silty clay (1%). 相似文献
Catalytic combustion, as an alternative to conventional thermal combustion, has received considerable attention during the past decade. Research efforts have been promoted by the need to meet governmental demands concerning pollution and the wish to use energy sources more efficiently. The two main advantages offered by catalytic combustors over flame combustors apply to these goals:
Catalytic combustion can be carried out over a wide range of fuel concentrations in air and at low temperatures.
These low temperatures result in attaining NO, emission levels substantially lower than possible with conventional combustors.
This work addresses the reduction of NOx by H2 under O2-rich conditions using Al2O3/SiO2-supported Pt catalysts with different loads of WOx promotor. The samples were thoroughly characterised by N2 physisorption, temperature-programmed desorption of CO, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, laser raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform spectroscopy with probe molecule CO. The catalytic studies of the samples without WOx showed pronounced NOx conversion below 200 °C, whereas highest efficiency was related to small Pt particles. The introduction of WOx provided increasing deNOx activity as well as N2 selectivity. This promoting effect was referred to an additional reaction path at the Pt-WOx/Al2O3/SiO2 interface, whereas an electronic activation of Pt by strong metal support interaction was excluded.