Colour extension properties of individual pigments and effects on shades of foundations in cake form

The mechanism of colour change during the pigment dispersion process and during powder application to the skin surface was studied by examining the colour extension properties of Yellow. Red , and Black iron oxides in white powder bases. A new measure for the evaluation of the degree of colour extension was devised. This measure corresponded well with human visual sensation, and was found to be useful for comparing the rates of colour extension of pigments. The rate of colour extension of pigments was found to vary in the order: Yellow acicular Red granular Red Black. This result explains colour darkening and the change towards reddish tones during the pigment dispersion process, because Yellow extends fully in the early stage of the process but Red , especially in granular form, and Black continue to extend even in the later stage. Acicular Red iron oxide is more favourably employed than the granular form to attain sufficient colour extension of foundations with lower energy expenditure, and to decrease the discrepancy between the cake colour and the colour of applied powder.
Le développement des oxydes de fer et effet sur les nuances des fonds de teint compacts     

An approach to a singular optimal control problem for non-linear systems using differential form theory

By applying differential form theory, we consider the singular control problem for non-linear systems with control variables appearing linearly in both the system dynamics and the performance index. First, we derive necessary conditions of singular optimality for a single-input system, including the relation to the Euler-Poisson equation and to the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition. Defining the degree of singularity, we develop necessary conditions satisfied by the singular trajectory embedded in a reduced space. For a time-invariant system, we clarify the relation between the dynamic and the related static optimality. Second, we derive necessary conditions for singular optimality for a multi-input system where the dimension of the control vector is equal to that of the state space. We show that the Shima-Sawaragi condition for the optimality of boundary controls and the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition are obtained from these conditions. The results are also applied to the analysis of a time-invariant system.     

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM-DOPED K0.5Na0.5NbO3 THIN FILMS BY CHEMICAL SOLUTION DEPOSITION

ABSTRACT

Lithium-doped K_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ (KLNN) films were fabricated by chemical solution deposition on Pt/TiO₂/SiO₂/Si substrates. Homogeneous and stable precursor solutions were prepared by controlling the reaction of starting metal alkoxides. Perovskite KLNN single-phase thin films were successfully synthesized on Pt/TiO _x /SiO₂/Si substrates. The 0.75-μ m-thick KLNN film annealed at 650°C exhibited ferroelectric polarization hysteresis loops at ?250°C. The loop at room temperature was round, indicating the film contained leakage components. The dielectric constant under zero bias was 490 at room temperature. A typical upside-down butterfly DC bias-capacitance curve was obtained in the KLNN film capacitors at room temperature, indicating that polarization reversal occurred in the obtained KLNN films.     

Influence of the microenvironment on gene and protein expression of odontogenic-like and osteogenic-like cells

Progenitor cells play an important biological role in tooth and bone formation, and previous analyses during bone and dentine induction have indicated that they may be a good alternative for tissue engineering. Thus, to clarify the influence of the microenvironment on protein and gene expression, MDPC23 cells (mouse dental papilla cell line) and KUSA/A1 cells (bone marrow stromal cell line) were used, both in vitro cell culture and in intra-abdominal diffusion chambers implanted in 4-week-old male immunodefficient mice (SCID mice). Our results indicate that KUSA/A1 cells differentiated into osteoblast-like cells and induced bone tissue inside the chamber, whereas, MDPC-23 showed odontoblast-like characteristics but with a low ability to induce dentin formation. This study shows that MDPC-23 cells are especial cells, which possess morphological and functional characteristics of odontoblast-like cells expressing dentin sialophosphoprotein in vivo. In contrast, dentin sialophosphoprotein gene and protein expression was not detected in both cell lines in vitro. The intra-abdominal diffusion chamber appears as an interesting experimental model for studying phenotypic expression of dental pulp cells in vivo.     

Protein-Protein Interaction of Fish Myosin Fragments

Protein-protein interaction of myosin fragments from flying fish and white marlin muscles was studied by means of absorbance changes resulting from aggregation at temperatures of 20°C to 70°C. Subfragment-1 (S-1) exhibited a high extent of interaction with the transition temperature of 35–36°C, while the interaction of heavy meromyosin (HMM) was very weak. Though light meromyosin (LMM) gave lower interaction values throughout the heating temperature, the addition of butanol promoted markedly the interactions at the temperature above 50°C. The degree of promotion was high for flying fish and low for white marlin.     

Detection and estimation of a Bernoulli-Gauss process for linear discrete-time systems

This paper is concerned with the deconvolution of impulsive noise, i.e. the estimation of the arrival lime and amplitude of a Bernoulli-Gauss process for a linear discrete-time system in the presence of noise. A crude approximate algorithm coupled with both event detection and amplitude estimation is developed by using two Kalman filters. An honest algorithm that involves 2(2^L — I) Kalman filters, event detection and amplitude estimation is also developed (Ldenotes the smoothing lag of a Bernoulli process). Moreover, to save CPU time and to simplify the structure of the honest algorithm, a fast algorithm that includes 2^L Kalman filters is derived. Digital simulation studies and comparison with other algorithms are included.     

Robust fixed-lag smoother for linear systems including outliers in the system and observation noises

We develop a robust fixed-lag smoother for linear discrete-time systems having outliers both in the process and the observation noises. By modifying the system equation to a linear regression model, a robust Kalman filter and a robust fixed-lag smoother are derived using an M-estimate. Then the robust smoother is constructed using a robust Kalman filter and two robust sub-smoothers; the outliers in the observation noise are detected by filtering, and those in the system noise are detected by smoothing. Monte Carlo simulations are also presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

SEGMENTATION OF NATURAL IMAGES USING ANISOTROPIC DIFFUSION AND LINKING OF BOUNDARY EDGES

We present a segmentation method of natural images that uses an anisotropic diffusion algorithm and a region growing algorithm. We propose a modified version of the anisotropic diffusion algorithm as a precise edge-preserving smoothing technique modified by using boundary edges. We incorporate a linking algorithm for boundary edges based on a directional potential function into the anisotropic diffusion algorithm to improve the ability of edge-preserving smoothing. As a result, unnecessary details of images are effectively smoothed before performing a region growing algorithm. Therefore, the proposed method is suitable for an accurate segmentation of natural images. Several simulated examples are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

Performance loss and design method of Kalman filters for discrete-time linear systems with uncertainties†

This paper is divided into two parts. The first part is concerned with the performance loss of the discrete-time Kalman filter designed on the basis of the model with errors in both dynamical and observation systems. The difference equation which describes the evolution of the covariance matrix of actual estimation error is derived. Some numerical results are shown as the illustration of the technique.

The second half is devoted to the development of the method of designing the unbiased minimum variance linear filter for the random system whose elements of both the transition and observation matrices are Gaussian white noises. For this purpose the result of the first part is utilized.