Filtered inverse systems

In this paper, we propose a new type of inverse called the filtered inverse. This inverse reconstructs the approximate value of the input to the original system without differentiators. The definition and the existence condition of the filtered inverse are given first. Then the stability and minimal realization of the inverse are discussed. Also, the stability of conventional inverses without differentiators are examined to show the necessity for filtered inverses. Furthermore, the application of such an inverse to servo system synthesis is discussed.     

SCREENING OF RESISTANT TRIACYLGLYCEROLS TO THE PANCREATIC LIPASE AND THEIR POTENTIALITIES AS A DIGESTIVE RETARDANT

A gradual retarding of lipid digestion and absorption might contribute to preventing the visceral fat accumulation and obesity in humans. The lipolysis rates of different triacylglycerols (TAGs) by pancreatic lipase in vitro were studied in order to find suitable components as a retardant for lipolysis. Several TAGs containing longer acyl chains than stearic acid or containing unsaturated fatty acids whose double bonds are located closely to the carboxyl group like petroserinic and γ-linolenic acid showed significantly lower lipolysis rates as compared with triolein (OOO) control. Most of these resistant TAGs contributed to decelerating the lipolysis rate when replaced at 10% into the OOO control. Especially, 1-behenoyl-2,3-dioleoyl- rac -glycerol (BOO) was comprehensively thought to be a suitable TAG as a digestive retardant among them. Each 10% replacement of edible oils by BOO gave 15% to 30% reduction of the lipolysis rate in vitro . Resistant TAGs that are able to melt or solubilize into liquid oil at body temperature have some potential as a digestive retardant for lipids.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Visceral fat accumulation and obesity in humans are thought to be correlated with the rate of lipid digestion and absorption. The entire rate of lipid absorption is controlled by their partial replacement with some digestive retardant. Resistant triacylglycerols may have some potential as a digestive retardant of lipids. Results of the present study propose a new fat system for foods with antiobesity effect.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Heat-Treated B2O3-SiO2 Glasses

Raman spectra were measured on B₂O₃-SiO₂ glasses heat-treated at different temperatures and for different periods of time. It was found that the intensity ratio of the 810- and 475-cm⁻¹ bands depended on the thermal history and composition of glass. The intensity vs heat-treatment temperature curve exhibited a maximum in the glass-transition temperature range. High-temperature Raman spectra were measured on 0.5B₂O₃-0.5SiO₂ glass, both with increasing and decreasing temperature, between room temperature and 600°C. Above 300°C with increasing temperature, the intensity of the 810-cm⁻¹ band decreased, whereas the intensity of the 475-cm⁻¹ band increased. The changes reversed with decreasing temperature. The reversible change of the intensity of the two bands was interpreted as a reversible formation and decomposition of boroxy rings with temperature. The reaction becomes very sluggish below the glass transition so that the intensity ratio stayed constant below 300°C.     

Factors Affecting the Stability of Chlortetracycline, Tylosin and Furylfuramide Against Low Level of Ionizing Radiation

SUMMARY— Effect of low levels of ionizing radiation (0.01–0.2 Mrad) on the stability of chlortetracycline (CTC) , furylfuramide (FF) and tylosin (Tl) were investigated. Tl in the phosphate buffer of pH 6–8 was very sensitive to low-level radiation, while either FF or CTC exhibited fairly high resistance at the same dose levels. Removal of dissolved oxygen in the test solution by aerating with nitrogen gas enhanced the inactivation of TI and FF at 0.05–0.1 Mrad of radiation, but it had an opposite effect on the inactivation of CTC. Much higher TI and CTC activities were retained after irradiation at 0.1 or 0.2 Mrad when the drugs were added to albumin, gelatin, broth or minced meats of five species of fish; the retention of FF did not change.
The remaining activity of Tl at 0.1 or 0.2 Mrad of radiation was more or less influenced by adding various sugars and amino acids. The presence of sugars (mono- or disaccharides) did not change retention of TI markedly, but gave a weak protective effect. Tryptophane, histidine, phenylalanine, methionine and tyrosine exhibited a fairly high protective action on the inactivation of TI after irradiation.     

Quality Evaluation of Fish Meat by 31 Phosphorus-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

³¹Phosphorus-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (³¹P-NMR) was used to evaluate degree of freshness of loach muscle depending on metabolic changes of high energy phosphate compounds. The phosphocreatine ([PCr])/inorganic phosphate ([Pi]) ratio was found to be a sensitive index of early metabolic hypofunction. Ratios of [PCr]/β-phosphate of ATP ([β-ATP]), and [Pi]/[β-ATP] were demonstrated to be appropriate indexes to estimate such metabolic changes in fresh fish. The intramuscular levels of creatine phosphate, ATP and pH were maintained at higher levels in blood-drained loach than in untreated fish. The freshness of fish which were bled and washed at lower temperatures were better preserved.     

Implementable L ∞ penalty-function method for semi-infinite optimization

This paper considers general non-linear semi-infinite programming problems and presents an implementable method which employs an exact L _∞ penalty function. Since the L _∞ penalty function is continuous even if the number of representative constraints changes, trust-region techniques may effectively be adopted to obtain global convergence. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.     

Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of the Crystalline Phases in the System Pb2SiO4-PbSiO3

The stable and metastable phase relations in the system Ph₂SiO₄-PhSiO₃, were reexamined using Raman and ir spectroscopy to characterize the phases. Three stable phases, H-Ph₂SiO₄, M-Ph₂SiO₄, and M-Ph₂SiO₄ (alamosite) and four metastable phases, L-Ph₂SiO₃, phase ^X, L-PhSiO₃ and hexagonal PhSiO₃, occur in the portion of the system investigated. The Raman and ir spectra allow some conclusions to be drawn about the structures of silicate groups in the lead silicate crystalline phases.     

Organic Acid, Sugar and Amino Acid Composition of Bamboo Shoots

The major organic acid in bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys pubescens) was oxalic, ranging from 462 (top) to 157 mg (base) per 100g fresh weight. Citric was rich in the upper half, while malic was rich in the lower 3/4 ths. Fructose, glucose and sucrose were contained with approximately equal amounts in the top quarter section, the former two sugars were also abundant in the lower half. Tyrosine was the most abundant component in the free amino acid. GC-MS determination revealed that tyrosine was the major component of white clumpy substances produced after blanching, and its content comprised 89% of the total material. In addition the material contained 5.5% starch, 4.9% moisture, and 0.6% minerals.