Usefulness of Permanent Power Fuse in Control Centers with Molded Case Circuit Breakers

The increase in electric power consumption in industry has led to the development of modern distribution systems such as control centers having high kVA ratings and high prospective fault current. In such a situation, the improvement of the system usefulness such as reliability and cost effectiveness is the essential requirement. An index is presented to evaluate the system usefulness using the cost effectiveness for fault protection in a system of given bank kVA. The index is estimated on four different system structures of control centers, including one which utilizes Permanent Power Fuses (PPF). It is presented that the PPF combined with molded case circuit breaker in main circuit effectively improves the cost effectiveness in control centers with high fault current. Operating principles of the PPF and the control center utilizing the PPF are briefly outlined.     

Coping with nonstationary environments: a genetic algorithm using neutral variation

In nonstationary environments, it is difficult to apply traditional genetic algorithms (GAs) because they use strong selection pressure and lose the diversity of individuals rapidly. We propose a GA with neutral variation that can track environmental changes. The idea of this GA is inspired by Kimura's neutral theory (1983). The scheme of this GA allows neutral characters, which do not directly affect the fitness with respect to environments, thus increasing the diversity of individuals. In order to demonstrate the properties of this GA, we apply it to a permutation problem called the ladder-network, of which the imposed alignment on the output changes regularly. We show that the GA with neutral variation can adapt better to environmental changes than a traditional GA.     

Common clonal origin of lymphocytes and plasma cells in splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes

In two-thirds of patients with splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes (SLVL) a small amount of M-protein can be detected in association with the presence of plasma cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone marrow (BM). However, it is not known whether lymphoma cells and plasma cells originate from the same clone. In this report we describe a case of SLVL which was characterized by the presence of marked monoclonal gammopathy (IgG-kappa 90 g/l) and increased plasma cells in the BM. In an attempt to elucidate the origin of lymphoma cells and plasma cells, we performed morphological, cytogenetic and molecular studies on PB mononuclear cells (PBMNC) without plasma cells and BMMNC containing 10% plasma cells from this patient. Immunofluorescence showed that lymphoma cells and plasma cells were positive for cytoplasmic gamma heavy and kappa light chains. Well-developed endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the cytoplasmic organelles of PBMNC using an electron microscope. The mean IgG concentration in the 3 d supernatant cultures of PBMNC was 374 +/- 24 microg/l. More than 50% PBMNC differentiated into plasmacytoid cells in 6 d of liquid culture with IL-3 and IL-6. Analysis by two-colour FISH revealed that karyotypic abnormalities of monosomy X and trisomy 17 existed simultaneously in both lymphoma cells and plasma cells. JH gene rearranged bands from PBMNC and BMMNC by Southern blot hybridization were identical, whereas DNAs from PBMNC failed to hybridize with the Cmu probe. These observations strongly suggest that lymphoma cells and plasma cells originate from the same clone, and that plasma cells, as well as lymphoma cells, which have undergone class switch recombination, could produce IgG type M-protein in this case.     

The effect of substituent groups in bis(dithiobenzil) nickel compounds on their absorption spectra,reduction potential and singlet oxygen quenching efficiency

The influence of substituents on the longest wavelength (Λ_max) of absorption maxima and the reduction potential of bis(p-substituted dithiobenzil) nickel compounds has been evaluated by the classical Hammett equation. A good linear relationship between Λ_max or reduction potential and σ_p or σ_p⁺ shows that at least one phenyl ring is conjugated with the five-membered nickel chelate ring, although neither of the phenyl rings is actually coplanar to the chelate ring. The amount of singlet oxygen quenched by bis(p-substituted dithiobenzil) nickel has been conveniently measured by means of a gas chromatograph using a capillary column.     

Mechanism of the Photofading of Stilbene–fluorescent Dyes. Contribution of Singlet Oxygen to the Photofading of 4, 4‘–Bisacetamidostilbene

Self—sensitized and Rose Bengal—sensitized photo—oxidation of 4, 4′-bisacetamidostilbene (BAAS) in solution gives p—acetamidobenzaldehyde and p—acetamidobenzoic acid via the reaction of singlet oxygen with the trans isomer (la). The rate of the photo—oxidation is retarded in the presence of effective singlet oxygen quenchers. On the other hand, cls—BAAS (lb) is more stable to visible light under the conditions of Rose Bengal—sensitized photo—oxidation than trans—stilbene.     

Multiresidue determination of quinolones in animal and fishery products by HPLC

A simple and rapid multiresidue method was developed for the determination of twelve quinolones (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, marbofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, orbifloxacin, oxolinic acid and sarafloxacin) in muscle, liver, chicken eggs, milk, prawn and rainbow trout.The quinolones were extracted from a sample with acetonitrile-water (95 : 5). A fifth part of the filtered extract was diluted with water to keep the acetonitrile ratio at ca. 60%, and passed through a C18 mini-column. The eluate was evaporated to dryness, and the residues were dissolved in methanol-water (30 : 70) for HPLC analysis.The quinolones were separated on a Inertsil ODS-3V column (4.6 mm i.d.x250 mm) with a gradient system of 0.1% phosphoric acid-acetonitrile as the mobile phase, with fluorescence detection.No interfering peak was found on the chromatograms of animal and fishery products, except for milk. The recoveries of the quinolones were over 60% from the animal and fishery products fortified at 0.1 microg/g, and the quantification limits of the quinolones were 0.005 microg/g. This proposed method was found to be effective and suitable for the screening of the quinolones in animal and fishery products.     

Colour and Constitution of 1,4-Naphthoquinonoid Dyes - Modified PPP MO Calculations and Substituent Effects

Calculation of the n-electron excitation energies of naphthoquinonoid dyes has been carried out by means of the Pariser—Parr—Pople (PPP) method using the variable, β,γ-approximation. A good linear correlation between the observed and calculated values for the first π-π* excitation was found for a new series of naphthoquinonoid dyes. The effect of substituents on the colour of different dyes was studied on the basis of these calculated results, i.e. HOMO—LUMO energy levels and π-electron-density changes accompanying the excitation. The intramolecular charge-transfer character of the π-π* transition was shown to be the same as occurs in some anthraquinonoid dyes.     

N-Alkylation of amines by photocatalytic reaction in a microreaction system

A photocatalytic microreaction system was developed and photocatalytic N-alkylation process of benzylamine, aniline, and piperidine was examined. The reaction proceeded quite rapidly in the microreactors with immobilized Pt-free TiO₂ as well as Pt-loaded TiO₂, while it has been reported that the N-alkylation did not occur by the irradiation of Pt-free TiO₂ in conventional batch reactors. It was revealed that by using the unique features of the continuous-flow microreactor, for instance spatial illumination homogeneity and precise control of flow and irradiation conditions, one can control the selectivity of N-alkylation and N,N-dialkylation processes. These results suggest the possibilities of a photocatalytic microreaction system on organic synthetic reactions.     

The Effect of Antiozonants on the Reaction of Dyes with Ozone. 2 — Contribution of Antiozonant to the Performance of a ZnO-Rose Bengal Photosensor During Electrophotography

The breakdown of zinc oxide-Rose Bengal photosensor has been found to be caused by the fading of Rose Bengal and degradation of resin by ozone and singlet oxygen. When 4, 4′-methyiene-bis(2, 6-di-t-butyiphenol), an antiozonant, was added the life of the photosensor was extended from 500 to 2000 charge-light-decay cycles.