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Keith D. Bartle Ayla Çalimli Derry W. Jones Raymond S. Matthews Aral Olcay Hooshang Pakdel Taner Tuǧrul 《Fuel》1979,58(6):423-428
Fractions of Elbistan and Seyitomer (Turkish) lignites, extracted with supercritical toluene at 340 °C and 8 MPa, have been separated by solvent extraction and silica-gel chromatography. Analyses by n.m.r. and i.r. spectroscopies and other methods have been combined in structural-analysis schemes to yield information about the average molecule in aromatic extracts. Carbon aromaticities, fa, derived from 22.63 MHz 1H-decoupled pulse Fourier-transform (PFT) 13C-n.m.r. are more widely spread for Elbistan (0.34–0.56) than for Seyitomer (0.40–0.43), and are lower than for supercritical-gas (SCG) products from bituminous coals. 13C-n.m.r. also reveals the presence of aromatic ether-O in polar fractions. Narrow aromatic signals in 100 MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectra suggest the presence of single-aromatic-ring average structures. In the hexane-soluble aromatics, 27% (Elbistan) and 29% (Seyitomer) of the available sites are substituted by alkyI groups, some of which are at least eight carbon atoms long; the hexane-soluble polar and asphaltene/asphaltol fractions contain fewer such groups. 相似文献
4.
A novel supercritical-gas (toluene) extract, comprising 17.0% of a low-rank coal, was separated by a combination of solvent fractionation and both silica-gel and gel-permeation chromatography. The average structure of the soluble fractions, together amounting to 85% of the extract, was investigated by a variety of spectroscopic methods, including high-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, proton-decoupled pulse Fourier transform 13C magnetic resonance, infrared and low-ionizing-voltage mass spectrometry. Analyses were also made by gas chromatography. The results for the low-oxygen fractions are consistent with a generally open-chain polynuclear aromatic average structure with about 33% of the available sites carrying alkyl substituents. The most common of these is methyl, but there are also substantial numbers of longer-chain alkyls, some branched, and naphthenic groups. The fractions rich in oxygen also have similar structure but for the presence of phenolic hydroxyl groups, and, as is demonstrated for the first time by 13C n.m.r., ether oxygen links. Aliphatic constituents are mainly straight-chain alkanes with some branched-chain and isoprenoid hydrocarbons. These conclusions are discussed in terms of the thermal history of the extract and are compared with other contemporary views on the low-molecular-weight constituents of coal. 相似文献
5.
K. D. Bartle D. W. Jones T. G. Martin W. S. Wise 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1970,20(6):197-202
Tar resulting from fluidised-bed, low-temperature carbonisation of coal was treated to yield a neutral oil from which a series of six other samples was extracted. These were examined by proton magnetic resonance (p.m.r.) spectroscopy, low-ionising-voltage (11 eV) mass spectroscopy (m.s.), gel chromatography followed by fluorescent indicator analysis, and cryoscopy. Aliphatic fractions separated chromatographically were also examined by infra-red spectroscopy. Distributions of hydrogen between chemical types were found for the several fractions from 60 MHz p.m.r. spectra and presented in terms of average structural parameters. M.s. analysis indicated negligible cracking of paraffin components, and the average molecular weight of 197 agreed well with cryoscopic determinations. For the carbon ratio, fa, between aromatic and total, agreement between m.s. and p.m.r. depends on the p.m.r. structural analysis scheme adopted. P.m.r. and m.s. structural analyses of the aromatics emphasise the predominance of di- and tri-nuclears, with about 40% of available sites substituted, and the importance of acenes in lowtemperature carbonisation material. Gas and gel chromatography showed urea-adductable paraffins to be largely straight-chain C10-C26, much as for tars from carbonisation at higher temperature. 相似文献
6.
Branched-chain/cyclic alkanes have been obtained, by solvent extraction and molecular-sieve adsorption, from a UK low-temperature (Rexco) coal tar, a USA fluidized-bed pyrolysis (FMC COED) coal tar, and a novel supercritical-gas-extract of a Turkish (Elbistan) lignite. Mass spectrometry (with gas chromatography and field-desorption) established the presence of mono-, di (including sesquiterpanes), tri-, tetra- (steranes only), and pentacyclic (triterpanes only) alkanes, including several steranes and triterpanes not previously reported as coal-tar constituents. The potential of cyclic alkanes as geochemical markers, even for commercial coal products subjected to appreciable heat treatment, is demonstrated by the identification of C12, C13, C15 and C16 dicyclics (including isoprenoid alkanes), C17-C26 tricyclics, and C27 and C29 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in FMC, and of C16-C38 monocyclics, C34-C36 dicyclics, C22-C36 tricyclics, C27-C30 tetracyclics (steranes), and C27, C29, C30, C31, C32, and C33 hopane-type pentacyclics (triterpanes) in Rexco tar. Tetra- and pentacyclic alkanes were also preserved in the lignite extract. 相似文献
7.
Vince J. van Joolen Beny Neta Dan Givoli 《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2005,63(7):1041-1068
Recently developed non‐reflecting boundary conditions are applied for exterior time‐dependent wave problems in unbounded domains. The linear time‐dependent wave equation, with or without a dispersive term, is considered in an infinite domain. The infinite domain is truncated via an artificial boundary ??, and a high‐order non‐reflecting boundary condition (NRBC) is imposed on ??. Then the problem is solved numerically in the finite domain bounded by ??. The new boundary scheme is based on a reformulation of the sequence of NRBCs proposed by Higdon. We consider here two reformulations: one that involves high‐order derivatives with a special discretization scheme, and another that does not involve any high derivatives beyond second order. The latter formulation is made possible by introducing special auxiliary variables on ??. In both formulations the new NRBCs can easily be used up to any desired order. They can be incorporated in a finite element or a finite difference scheme; in the present paper the latter is used. In contrast to previous papers using similar formulations, here the method is applied to a fully exterior two‐dimensional problem, with a rectangular boundary. Numerical examples in infinite domains are used to demonstrate the performance and advantages of the new method. In the auxiliary‐variable formulation long‐time corner instability is observed, that requires special treatment of the corners (not addressed in this paper). No such difficulties arise in the high‐derivative formulation. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
Diane M. Markoff Vince Cianciolo Chuck L. Britton Ronald G. Cooper Geoff L. Greene 《Journal of research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology》2005,110(4):449-452
We are developing a high-efficiency neutron detector with 1 cm position resolution and coarse energy resolution for use at high-flux neutron source facilities currently proposed or under construction. The detector concept integrates a segmented 3He ionization chamber with the position sensitive, charged particle collection methods of a MicroMegas detector. Neutron absorption on the helium produces protons and tritons that ionize the fill gas. The charge is amplified in the field region around a wire mesh and subsequently detected in current mode by wire strips mounted on a substrate. One module consisting of a high-voltage plate, a field-shaping high-voltage plate, a grid and wire strips defines a detection region. For 100 % efficiency, detector modules are consecutively placed along the beam axis. Analysis over several regions with alternating wire strip orientation provides a two-dimensional beam profile. By using 3He, a 1/v absorption gas, each axial region captures neutrons of a different energy range, providing an energy-sensitive detection scheme especially useful at continuous beam sources. 相似文献
9.
Yi-Ou Li Tom Eichele Vince D. Calhoun Tulay Adali 《Journal of Signal Processing Systems》2012,68(1):31-48
In this work, we apply a novel statistical method, multiset canonical correlation analysis (M-CCA), to study a group of functional
magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets acquired during simulated driving task. The M-CCA method jointly decomposes fMRI
datasets from different subjects/sessions into brain activation maps and their associated time courses, such that the correlation
in each group of estimated activation maps across datasets is maximized. Therefore, the functional activations across all
datasets are extracted in the order of consistency across different dataset. On the other hand, M-CCA preserves the uniqueness
of the functional maps estimated from each dataset by avoiding concatenation of different datasets in the analysis. Hence,
the cross-dataset variation of the functional activations can be used to test the hypothesis of functional-behavioral association.
In this work, we study 120 simulated driving fMRI datasets and identify parietal-occipital regions and frontal lobe as the
most consistently engaged areas across all the subjects and sessions during simulated driving. The functional-behavioral association
study indicates that all the estimated brain activations are significantly correlated with the steering operation during the
driving task. M-CCA thus provides a new approach to investigate the complex relationship between the brain functions and multiple
behavioral variables, especially in naturalistic tasks as demonstrated by the simulated driving study. 相似文献
10.
The finite satisfiability problem for guarded fixpoint logic is decidable and complete for 2ExpTime (resp. ExpTime for formulas of bounded width). 相似文献