FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF KIRCHHOFF PLATES RESTING ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION BY MIXED FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION BASED ON GÂTEAUX DIFFERENTIAL

The main objective of the present work is to give the systematic way for derivation of Kirchhoff plate-elastic foundation interaction by mixed-type formulation using the Gâteaux differential instead of well-known variational principles of Hellinger–Reissner and Hu–Washizu. Foundation is a Pasternak foundation, and as a special case if shear layer is neglected, it converges to Winkler foundation in the formulation. Uniform variation of the thickness of the plate is also included into the mixed finite element formulation of the plate element PLTVE4 which is an isoparametric C⁰ class conforming element discretization. In the dynamic analysis, the problem reduces to solution of the standard eigenvalue problem and the mixed element is based upon a consistent mass matrix formulation. The element has four nodes and at each node transverse displacement two bending and one torsional moment is the basic unknowns. Proper geometric and dynamic boundary conditions corresponding to the plate and the foundation is given by the functional. Performance of the element for bending and free vibration analysis is verified with a good accuracy on the numerical examples and analytical solutions present in the literature. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SINGULAR p-VERSION FINITE ELEMENTS FOR STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR COMPUTATIONS

The finite element analysis of linear elastic fracture mechanics problems is complicated by the presence of the singular and finite non-singular stress distributions in the crack tip region. The availability of a constant stress term in addition to the singular term in the standard h-version singular finite elements is insufficient to model the finite nonsingular stress zone. A p-version singular finite element capable of modelling the higher-order non-singular stress terms in addition to the singular term and the constant term is presented. The formulation for the displacement substitution technique for computing the stress intensity factors using singular p-version triangular finite elements is developed. Unlike the standard h-version formulation, the stress intensity factors computed using the p-version displacement substitution technique do not depend on the specific arrangement and length of the quarter point elements, and require simple mesh designs as well as fewer number of degrees of freedom. Numerical studies comparing the convergence of the stress intensity factors computed by the p-version method against other available alternatives such as the h-version method and the contour integral method are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present developments. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆传统馕发酵面团中酵母菌的多样性分析

采用平板分离与纯化、26S rDNA D1/D2区域序列测定和系统发育分析方法,对新疆乌鲁木齐、阿勒泰、伊犁、喀什、阿克苏及和田6 个地区民间传统馕面团发酵酵母菌多样性进行了研究。从中分离得到227 株酵母菌,它们隶属于10 个属14 个种：Saccharomyces cerevisiae、Saccharomyces servazzii、Pichia fermentans、Pichia membranifacies、Pichia kudriavzevii、Pichia anomala、Candida humilis、Hanseniaspora uvarum、Torulasporadelbrueckii、Wickerhamomyces anomalus、Cladosporium ramotenellum、Cryptococcus albidus、Kodamaea ohmeri、Issatchenkia orientalis;其中Saccharomyces cerevisiae为优势种,占总分离株的55.51%（126 株）,在系统发育树上形成2 个大分枝4 个小分枝,A1-1分枝由115 株菌株构成,是馕面团发酵的优势品系菌群。研究结果阐明了新疆民间传统馕面团中酵母菌的多样性,为开发利用传统馕面团的酵母菌资源提供了理论依据。     

新疆圆柏叶内生菌的分离及其抑菌特性研究

对新疆圆柏叶内生菌进行分离,确定分离条件,分离纯化得到7 株菌株,采用打孔法对这7 株菌的发酵液进行抑菌实验。结果表明：其中两株菌的发酵液对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌呈现较强的抑菌活性。通过形态学观察和革兰氏染色,确定1 号菌株为革兰氏阳性球菌,2 号菌株为革兰氏阴性球菌,均无荚膜,无芽孢,不产酸,不产气,淀粉水解为阴性。     

New approach to facility locations decisions

In a rapidly changing and complex environment, facility location decisions require careful evaluation; both quantitative and qualitative factors must be considered. Existing methods emphasize the quantitative aspects of such decisions. In this paper, we introduce a new method that provides a framework for a comprehensive analysis of both qualitative and quantitative factors in order to reach a logical and rational decision for choosing a site.     

Cooling of Vertical Shrouded-Fin Arrays of Rectangular Profile by Natural Convection: An Experimental Study

Abstract

Experiments have been performed to determine the natural-convection heat transfer characteristics of vertically oriented shrouded heat sinks (finned surfaces) of rectangular profile under uniform heat flux condition applied to the base. The size and configuration of the heat sink, the power dissipated, and the clearance gap between the shroud and the fin tips were varied during the experiments. The heat transfer medium was air. The temperatures were maintained below 150° during the experiments, which is the maximum allowable operation temperature for most silicon-based electronic components. It was found that shrouding, in general, significantly enhances heat transfer from the heat sinks. For a fixed heat flux and heat sink configuration, the maximum temperature on the heat sink dropped as the clearance was increased, attained a minimum, and then started to rise again. The effect of the shroud on 'the maximum temperature and the average Nusselt number is illustrated