Study on Power Fluctuation Dispatch and Capacity Design of Short Period Power Fluctuation Compensation System in Consideration of Power Loss

Since the output of photovoltaic (PV) generation includes power fluctuations caused by natural conditions, the installation of PV on a large scale is expected to affect load frequency control of the power grid. One method of compensating power fluctuations is the use of energy storage (ES), such as batteries and capacitors. A power fluctuation compensation system composed of an electrical double layer capacitor energy storage system (ESS) and a Li‐ion battery energy storage system is considered. The power loss characteristics of both ESSs during power fluctuation compensation are modeled by equivalent circuits based on ES impedance spectra. The models are validated by experiments simulating power fluctuation compensation. Using these ES models, simulations were carried out to determine the power fluctuation dispatch method between the two ESSs and the capacity of the ESSs in consideration of power loss minimization.     

A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE IMPACT FORCE IN CRASH TESTING

A method for measuring the impact force in crash testing is developed. In this method, a mass is made to collide with the object being tested and the instantaneous value of the impact force is measured as the inertial force acting on the mass. To realise linear motion with sufficiently small friction acting on the mass, a pneumatic linear bearing is used, and the velocity and acceleration of the mass, the moving part of the bearing, are measured using an optical interferometer. The relative combined standard uncertainty in determining the impact force in a three-point bending test is estimated to be 0.5×10⁻²(0.5%) of the maximum value of the impact force.     

Changes of soy protein under ultra-high hydraulic pressure

High pressure (<500 MPa) was applied to soy milk and the protein changes were examined. Soy milk remained a liquid within the range of examined pressures, although its viscosity increased when the time of pressurization was less than 10 min. However, the soy milk changed from a liquid to a sol after treatment at 500 MPa for 30 min. the liquid soy milk showed improved emulsifying activity and stability but reduced emulsifying capacity. Sulfhydryl content of this soy milk was increased slightly after anaerobic pressurization. Harder tofu could be made from pressurized soy milk with CaC1₂ than could be made with unpressurized soy milk. Electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing revealed that soy proteins were dissociated and some of them coagulated by high pressure. Fluorescence analysis also revealed that soy proteins were modified by high pressure to have larger hydrophobic regions. After pressure treatment, soy milk showed a higher affinity for beany flavour components and saponins which would lead to better use of soy milk in soy foods.     

Magnetic Configuration Effects on Fast Ion Losses Induced by Fast Ion Driven Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes in the Large Helical Device

Beam-ion losses induced by fast-ion-driven toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAE) were measured with a scintillator-based lost fast-ion probe (SLIP) in the large helical device (LHD). The SLIP gave simultaneously the energy E and the pitch angle χ=arccos(v // /v) distribution of the lost fast ions. The loss fluxes were investigated for three typical magnetic configurations of R ax vac =3.60 m, 3.75 m, and 3.90 m, where R ax vac is the magnetic axis position of the vacuum field. Dominant losses induced by TAEs in these three configurations were observed in the E/χ regions of 50～190 keV/40°, 40～170 keV/25°, and 30～190 keV/30°, respectively. Lost-ion fluxes induced by TAEs depend clearly on the amplitude of TAE magnetic fluctuations, R ax vac and the toroidal field strength Bt . The increment of the loss fluxes has the dependence of (bTAE /Bt ) s . The power s increases from s = 1 to 3 with the increase of the magnetic axis position in finite beta plasmas.     

Study of first orbit losses of 1 MeV tritons using the Lorentz orbit code in the LHD

Shot-integrated measurement of the triton burnup ratio has been performed in the Large Helical Device. It was reported that the triton burnup ratio, defined as total DT neutron yield divided by total DD neutron yield, increases significantly in inward shifted configurations. To understand the magnetic configuration dependence of the triton burnup ratio, the first orbit loss fraction of 1 MeV tritons is evaluated by means of the Lorentz orbit code for various magnetic configurations. The first orbit loss of 1 MeV tritons is seen at t of less than 10-5 s and loss points of the triton are concentrated on the side of the helical coil case where the magnetic field is relatively weak. The significant decrease of the first orbit loss fraction by 15% is obtained with the inward shift of the magnetic axis position from 3.90 to 3.55 m. It is found that the decrease of first orbit loss is due to the reduction of the first orbit loss of transition and helically trapped tritons.     

Observation of MHD Instabilities Driven by Energetic Electrons in the Large Helical Device

Coherent magnetic fluctuations in an acoustic range of frequency have been regularly observed in low-density(n_e0.2×10~(19)m~(-3))plasmas with strong second harmonic electron cyclotron resonance heating(ECRH)on the Large Helical Device.Hard X-ray measurements indicated that energetic electrons are generated in these ECRH discharges.The magnetic fluctuations are suppressed in higher density discharges where energetic electrons are not present.The ECRH power modulation experiment indicated that the observed magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)mode has an acoustic nature rather than an Alfvenic nature.     

Evaluation of Automatic Train Operation Design for Energy Saving Based on the Measured Efficiency of a Linear‐Motor Train

Recently, interest in energy savings in railway systems has been increasing because of its environment‐friendly aspects, for example, CO₂ emissions. In this paper, the authors propose a scheduling and control system for automatic train operation (ATO) that saves energy. This research in ATO concentrates on the optimization of speed profiles to save energy. The differences in this system from previous work are substantiative experiments on the track and a design that explicitly considers the following energy‐saving operations. First, coasting is installed in speed profiles and maximum speed is decreased by jerk regulation. Second, power‐limiting braking is used in the braking section and regenerative energy is increased. To achieve this braking efficiency, notch operations are updated. Finally, second‐order scheduling is achieved by high speed control using ATO. For the experiments on the track, the efficiency of a linear‐motor train was measured in a pre‐experiment and used to perform accurate numerical calculations. In conclusion, the numerical study shows an energy efficiency increase by 7.3% and the plan for further experiments is determined.     

Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on electronic and non-electronic equipment of Large Helical Device

In a deuterium operation on the Large Helical Device,the measurement and control equipment placed in the torus hall must survive under an environment of radiation.To study the effects of gamma-ray irradiation on the equipment,an irradiation experiment is performed at the Cobalt-60 irradiation facility of Nagoya University.Transient and permanent effects on a personal computer,media converters,programmable logic controllers,isolation amplifiers,a web camera,optical flow meters,and water sealing gaskets are experimentally surveyed.Transient noise appears on the web camera.Offset of the signal increases with an increase of the integrated dose on the programmable logic controller.The DeviceNet module on the programmable logic controller is broken at the integrated dose of 72 Gy,which is the expected range of the integrated dose of the torus hall.The other equipment can survive under the gamma-ray field in the torus hall.     

Changes in ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Chum Salmon Muscle During Spawning Migration and Extrusion Cooking

The effects of spawning migration and extrusion cooking on o-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in chum salmon muscle were studied. Total lipid content in the muscle of the fish during spawning migration was lower than that during feeding migration. However, the content increased to double those in the raw materials by pretreatment of extrusion cooking. Lipids of muscle and outer layer during spawning migration contained higher percentages of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) than those during feeding migration. Moreover, PUFAs were not lost by extrusion cooking and its pretreatment. These results suggest that production of foods containing a rich amount of W-3 PUFAs is possible by extrusion cooking of the muscle of chum salmon during spawning migration.