均相与非均相超声-芬顿催化降解水中罗丹明B

以染料罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物,以泡沫铁为非均相催化剂,比较均相与非均相超声芬顿体系对RhB的去除效果,并考察了RhB初始含量、溶液初始pH、H_2O_2投加量等因素的影响。通过对不同体系反应速率、Fe~(2+)含量变化以及H_2O_2产量的比较分析,探索比较了降解机制。结果表明,均相超声芬顿体系对RhB的去除率高于非均相超声芬顿体系,当初始RhB的质量浓度为5 mg/L,初始pH为3,H_2O_2投加量为0.5 mmol/L时,RhB去除率分别达到99.86%、94.43%;前40 s符合一级反应动力学方程,基于泡沫铁的非均相芬顿体系可在超声辐射下产生更多Fe~(2+)和H_2O_2,从而有利于对目标污染物的持续降解。     

厌氧活性污泥PCR-DGGE图谱的优化

针对特种污泥PCR-DGGE图谱的优化一直是微生物分子生态学研究的重点.在反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原菌的研究中,研究厌氧硫酸盐还原污泥和反硝化污泥DNA的提取方法,应用通用引物958F/1401R扩增16S rDNA序列,探讨不同的退火温度对DGGE指纹图谱多样性影响,同时采用时间进程法对DGGE图谱进行优化.结果表明,采用PBS洗涤污泥和超声震荡有利于硫酸盐还原污泥DNA提取;采用958F/1401R为引物时,扩增片段大约500 bp,不同的退火温度对DGGE指纹图谱的多样性影响不显著;采用时间进程法可以很好地再现不同电泳阶段对样品的分离效果,最佳变性剂梯度为40%～60%,在130 V电压下,最佳电泳时间为5 h.     

Effects of main factors on remedying northern landscaping water by hybrid ecological filter

Natural zeolite and coal cinder were layered as main packing medium of the ecological filter instead of traditional filling to remedy the static lake water in Northern China.The ecological filter was running in a combined upward and downward flow mode.Dynamic experiments were carried out to study the effects of retention time and ambient temperature on pollutants’ removal efficiency of the hybrid ecological filter.The function of plant was also studied by contrast test.It is showed that the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and TP are increased when the retention time is changed from 1 h to 2 h and 4 h,but the removal efficiency of TN is decreased,the removal efficiency of NH4+-N is increased from 91.5% to 98% and that of TP is increased from 31.8% to 52.5%.When the temperature declines,the temporal removal efficiency of NH4+-N is reduced,but the removal efficiency of 24 h and 48 h is remained.The removal efficiency of TP after 24 h and 48 h is decreased when the temperature declines evidently.The retention time plays an important role in NH4+-N and TP removal,and the ambient temperature is significant for TP removal.The plant favors for TP and organic matter removal but has little effect on TN removal.     

Isolation and identification of a sulfate reducing bacteria and sequence analysis of its dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene

A sulfate reducing bacteria was isolated from mining sewage of Daqing Oilfield by Hungate anaerobic technology. Physiological-biochemical analysis showed that the strain could utilize polyacrylamide as sole carbon and nitrogen source. The sequence analysis of 16S rDNA illustrated that the similarity of F8 and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (AF192153) was 99%, and the similarity sequence of dissimilatory sulfite reductase gene (DSR) cloned from the strain and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (AF273034) was 98%. Their phylogenitic analysis was basically anastomosed, and thus temporarily named as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans F8. The DSR cloned from F8 strain was 2740 bp in length consisting of three ORF, DSRA, DSRB and DSRD as a single operon (DSRABD) regulated by the same operator. DSRA contained typical conservative box of sulfate—sulfite reducing enzyme (SiteⅠand SiteⅡ), which could bind siroheme and [Fe4S4]. DSRB retained a [Fe4S4] binding site, with an uncomplimentary structure for siroheme binding. There was no conservative box in DSRD. Sequence analysis of DSR will provide a theoretical basis for quantitative detection, metabolic pathway modification through gene engineering, and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) suppression.     

丛枝菌根(AM)对水稻生长促进及化肥减量研究

为了考察丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)对水稻生长促进及化肥减量效果,以摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)为实验材料在不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)含量的基质中进行水稻盆栽试验.对比分析了水稻根部AMF的侵染状况,及其对水稻生长的促进作用,并在此基础上探讨了AMF强化在农业面源污染化肥减量中的作用.结果表明:自然基质中土著G.mosseae普遍存在,并可与水稻根系形成菌根结构,但其对水稻的影响与AMF空白基质相比差异并不显著.AMF强化能显著提高其对水稻根部的侵染率.与自然基质相比,AMF强化使水稻的株高、总生物量、根系总表面积及产量分别提高了20.6%、30%、36.6%、45.3%.经计算,每生产100kg水稻,AMF强化相对于自然条件下氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量分别减少3.14kg、1.88kg、2.42kg,削减程度高达47%.AMF强化能够有效促进水稻生长并提高其产量,而且在农业面源污染化肥减量方面具有重要作用.     

面源污染中磷流失多重影响因素主成分分析

为全面了解对美国中部Illinois州具有浅层排水系统的轮作农业地区的面源污染问题,利用主成分分析方法及多元线性回归,对Little Vermillion River流域磷流失影响因素主成分进行分析.结果表明,磷流失的影响因素基本分为3大主成分:一是生物主成分,包括温度、植被类型、覆盖因子、生物量、散蒸量;二是水力主成分,降雨及流量;三是人为干扰主成分,施肥量及耕作内容.其中水力主成分对流失的影响最大,尤其是对浅层排水中磷流失的影响.     

Fe3O4-H2O2类Fenton体系催化降解苯酚

为提出基于新型磁纳米Fe3 O4催化剂的类Fenton体系,采用化学共沉淀法制备磁纳米Fe3 O4,用四甲基氢氧化铵（ TMAH）对所制备的磁纳米Fe3 O4进行表面改性,就Fe3 O4－H2 O2类Fenton体系对苯酚废水的处理效果进行探讨,考察催化剂投量、H2 O2浓度、pH、反应时间等因素对COD和挥发酚去除率的影响．结果表明：磁纳米颗粒平均粒径为30 nm,并在20～100 nm内呈现良好的粒度分布．不同剂量TMAH包覆的3种催化剂经超声预处理后,在室温（13℃）下对50 mg／L苯酚（相当于112 mg／L COD）的降解效果基本一致．当催化剂投量为0．8 mmol／L、H2 O2浓度为2．0 mmol／L、pH为4．5、反应时间180 min时,COD去除率最高可达72％;催化剂投量为0．4 mmol／L、H2 O2浓度为2．0 mmol／L、 pH为4．5、反应时间为90 min时,挥发酚的去除率接近100％．而在重复使用方面,3＃Fe3O4－TMAH（2 mL）催化剂的回用性最好,4次反应COD的去除率分别为73％、29％、28％、26％,挥发酚去除率分别为100％、84％、67％、54％．该类Fenton体系具有不产生多余泥量的优点,且磁纳米催化剂在外磁场作用下可实现快速分离回收．     

压电/磁电复合式MEMS振动驱动微能源的研究

为了满足无线传感网络节点对供电电源的自供电、低功耗、持续稳定供电的要求,研究了一种可以将环境中机械能转化为电能的MEMS压电-磁电复合式振动驱动微能源,结合压电转换与磁电转换把振动能转换为电能。建立数学模型,用有限分析软件Ansys12.0对不同尺寸的四悬臂梁-中心质量块结构进行力学特性分析,并对加工出的器件进行性能测试。测试结果表明,谐振频率为290Hz下,器件输出电压峰峰值随振动加速度的增加呈线性增加,1 m/s2和6 m/s2激励下有效输出电压分别为61mV和324mV,有望为无线网络传感节点提供性能高、寿命长、自供给的供电电源。     

菌肥及其与氮磷配施对水稻生产及分配的影响

为探讨菌根菌肥单施及其与化肥配施对水稻产量的影响,测定不同施肥方式下水稻光合速率,分析水稻物质分配比例及产量构成因子．结果表明:菌根菌肥单施增大库容的同时改善了光合作用,水稻增产2927％．菌根菌肥与氮肥配施提高了水稻光合速率,加大了籽实的物质分配比例,水稻增产4137％．菌根菌肥与磷肥配施及其与磷肥氮肥配施两种条件下,光合作用显著改善,稻草产量增加,水稻实际产量增幅小．菌根菌肥单施及其与氮肥配施都能有效提高水稻产量,而与磷肥配施及与氮肥磷肥二者配施的促产条件有待进一步探讨．     

施肥模式对收获后稻田CO2释放的影响

为探讨施肥模式对收割后稻田CO2垂直释放特征的影响,利用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定仪对施加氮肥、磷肥和菌肥的水稻土CO2释放速率及其影响因素进行测定,并对二者的相关性进行分析.结果表明:施加氮肥后,收割后稻田0 cm界面土壤CO2的释放速率提高97.73%,10 cm界面和20 cm界面分别降低39.93%和31.36%.施加磷肥后,收割后稻田0 cm界面CO2的释放速率与对照(CK)差异无统计学意义,10 cm界面降低33.84%,20 cm界面提高48.03%.施加菌肥对收割后稻田3个界面CO2的释放速率都无显著影响.收割后稻田CO2释放速率与该界面土壤含水率的相关性受施肥模式的影响,其影响程度随着土层的加深依次减轻.与氮肥和磷肥相比,菌根菌肥对土壤CO2释放影响不显著.