Study of Lewis acid catalyzed chemical bromination and bromoalkylation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with nucleophiles requires introduction of electrophilic reactive sites on the CNTs. This can, for instance, be accomplished by the chemical bromination procedure with elemental bromine and a set of Lewis acids (BBr₃, BF₃ × Et₂O, AlBr₃, FeBr₃, ZnBr₂, TiBr₄, SiBr₄, SnBr₄, VBr₃) or a radical starter like dibenzoylperoxide (DBPO) in appropriate solvents at varied temperature. The present approach to electrophilic sites relies on the well-known electrophilic aromatic substitution or addition of bromine with aromatic structural units. In addition to the use of bromine, the introduction of haloalkyl groups was also investigated here using bis-electrophiles or haloalcohols and Brønsted acids. The advantages and drawbacks of the studied reaction conditions, the obtained degree of bromination as analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the amount of introduced bromine that can be substituted by a nucleophile are presented and discussed.     

Classification system in the software of the Earth remote sensing data processing

Questions concerning the problem of choosing adequate recognition algorithms for Earth, multispectral, remote sensing data are considered. A system of supervised classification based on the strategy of maximum likelihood for normally distributed vectors of attributes is presented. A system of cluster analysis, including an algorithm of K-means and the method of modes analysis for a multidimensional histogram, is described. Aleksei Aleksandrivich Buchnev. Born in 1947. Graduated from Krasnoyarsk State University in 1972. Received his candidate’s degree in 1989. He was awarded the State prize of the Soviet Union in the field of science and technology. Buchnev is currently a senior research fellow at the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS (Novosibirsk). Scientific interests include remote sensing, digital image processing, and pattern recognition. He is the author of more than 70 publications. Valerii Pavlovich Pyatkin. Born in 1939. Graduated from Moscow Energetic Institute in 1963. Received his candidate’s degree in 1970 and his doctoral degree in 1987. Since 1990, he has been a professor and is currently a head of the Image Processing laboratory at the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics SB RAS (Novosibirsk). Pyatkain has been awarded with a K.E. Tsiolkovskii medal (the highest award of the Federation of Russian Cosmonautics) in 2002 and has received the honorary title “Honored Creator of Space Technique.” Scientific interests include digital image processing, remote sensing, geoinformatics, and GIS- and Web-technologies. He is the author of more than 200 publications, including five monographs. Vasilii Valentinovich Asmus. Born in 1952. Graduated from Moscow Institute of Electronic Engineering in 1976. Postgraduate studies at the Computational Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Received his candidate’s degree in 1984 and his doctoral degree in 2002. Since 2007, he has been a professor and is currently a director at the Planeta Space Hydrometeorology Research and Development Center of the Federal Service of Russia on Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Moscow). Asmus is also a full member of the Tsiolkovskii Russian Academy of Cosmonautics and has been awarded the prize of the Moscow City Administration. Scientific interests include remote sensing, digital image processing, and pattern recognition. He is the author of more than 140 publications, including four monographs.     

Magnetic measurement scales of kinematometers

Conclusions 1) For coating discs of moving-coil kinematometers and similar instruments it is advisable to use alloy Co-Ni-P instead of Co-Ni. 2) The coating thickness should be selected according to the density of recording. For a recording density up to four points per 1 mm it is advisable to use a coating 20–30 thick. For a recording density above four points per 1 mm the optimum coating thickness is 5 for alloy Co-Ni-P and 10 for alloy Co-Ni. 3) For the isolation of places which are not subject to plating it is advisable to use a protective coating consisting of a BF-4 adhesive film instead of Plexiglas devices. 4) The plated components should be rotated for obtaining a nonporous uniform coating. 5) The high quality magnetic coating of brass tapes is attained by using a special device in the form of a copper ring. The coating of 8000 mm tapes and 400 mm diameter discs has been organized. 5) The plating with alloy Co-Ni-P is made at a a high current density of 1000–1200 A/m², thus reducing the plating time by a factor of 8–10 as compared with plating by means of alloy Co-Ni.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 8, pp. 20–22, August, 1967.     

Feeding high amounts of almond hulls to lactating cows

California is the leading state for the production of almonds, with more than 400,000 bearing hectares of orchards that produced approximately 1 billion kilograms of shelled nuts in 2017. Almond hulls (AH) are a regional by-product feedstuff fed predominantly to dairy cattle in California. A 2012 study surveyed 40 dairy farms in California and found that 39 out of 104 total mixed rations contained AH, with a mean daily feeding rate of 1.45 kg/cow. In 2017, approximately 2 billion kilograms of AH was produced. At a feeding rate of 1.45 kg/cow daily, even if all 1.7 million lactating cows in California are consuming AH, there will be a surplus of AH on the market as the approximately 130,000 nonbearing hectares come into nut production. Therefore, the potential of feeding varying amounts of AH to lactating dairy cows was investigated using 12 Holstein cows with 4 primiparous and 8 multiparous cows. The dietary treatments were 4 total mixed rations containing 0, 7, 13, or 20% AH. The AH used contained 12.8% crude fiber (as-is basis), which was below the 15% legal limit set by state feed regulations. Diets were formulated so that as the inclusion rate of AH increased, the amount of steam-flaked corn and soyhull pellets decreased and soybean meal inclusion increased. Experimental design was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. Diet had a cubic effect on actual milk yield, energy-corrected milk yield, and dry matter intake, with the 7% AH diet having the highest values and the 13% AH diet having the lowest. The percent and yield of total solids and the yields of lactose and fat did not differ with diet, but percent and yield of protein declined linearly with increased AH inclusion, and fat percent increased linearly. Apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were higher with the inclusion of AH in the diet. Total percentage of the day spent ruminating increased linearly with higher amounts of AH. Overall, this work demonstrated that AH can be fed at varying amounts, up to 20% of the diet, to lactating dairy cows to support high levels of milk production and that increasing amounts of AH (up to 20%) in the diet could lead to improved digestibility and milk fat percentage but decreased milk protein production.     

Coating of carbon fibers with adhesion-promoting thin poly(acrylic acid) and poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) layers using electrospray ionization

Thin coatings of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) were deposited onto carbon fibers by means of the electrospray ionization (ESI) technique in ambient air. These high-molecular weight polymer layers were used as adhesion promoters in carbon fiber–epoxy resin composites. Within the ESI process, the carbon fibers were completely enwrapped with polymer in the upper 10 plies of a carbon fiber roving. As identified with scanning electron microscopy also shadowed fibers in a bundle as well as backsides of fiber rovings were pinhole-free coated with polymers (‘electrophoretic effect’). Under the conditions used, the layers have a granular structure. Residual solvent was absent in the deposit. PAA and PHEMA films did not show any changes in composition and structure in comparison with the original polymers as analyzed by X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Single-fiber pullout tests of coated fibers embedded in epoxy resin showed significantly increased interfacial shear strength. It is assumed that chemical bonds between carbon fiber poly(acrylic acid) and epoxy resin contribute significantly to the improved interactions.     

针对预制构件混凝土的聚羧酸醚类外加剂的研究与应用

针对预制构件混凝土,我们开发了新的聚羧酸醚（PCE）高效减水剂和混凝土强度增强剂。后者在加速混凝土早期强度发展的同时,对混凝土3d,7d乃至28d强度都有明显提高。结合这两项新成果及适当的复配技术,我们针对蒸养和免蒸养预制构件混凝土分别开发了系列新的外加剂产品。部分产品已在实际生产中得到应用。     

Planetamonitoring Software Complex in Applied Remote Sensing Problems

This paper describes a PlanetaMonitoring software complex, developed jointly by the Scientific Research Center “Planeta” and the Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which implements the software for pre-processing and thematic processing of multispectral satellite images of optical, infrared, and microwave ranges. This work also touches upon the pre-processing of satellite data, particularly brightness and geometric transformations, geocoding, and compilation of survey installation. Thematic processing of multispectral satellite images by software for object recognition (without and with training), detection and mapping of lineaments and circular structures, as well as determination of spatial displacements of natural objects (ice fields, water masses, and cloud formations in the atmosphere) over time-different satellite images is described. This software is used to solve a number of applied problems of Earth remote sensing.