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1.
William M. Pitts Martin Werrel Marco Fernandez Mary A. Long Evan A. Eisenberg James Filliben Cory D. Runyon 《火与材料》2021,45(1):127-154
Fire spread and growth on real‐scale four cushion mock‐ups of residential upholstered furniture (RUF) were investigated with the goal of identifying whether changes in five classes of materials (barrier, flexible polyurethane foam, polyester fiber wrap, upholstery fabric, and sewing thread), referred to as factors, resulted in statistically significant changes in burning behavior. A fractional factorial experimental design plus practical considerations yielded a test matrix with 20 material combinations. Experiments were repeated a minimum of two times. Measurements included fire spread rates derived from video recordings and heat release rates (HRRs). A total of 13 experimental parameters (3 based on the videos and 10 on the HRR results), referred to as responses, characterized the measurements. Statistical analyses based on Main Effects Plots (main effects) and Block Plots (main effects and factor interactions) were used. The results showed that three of the factors resulted in statistically significant effects on varying numbers of the 13 responses. The Barrier and Fabric factors had the strongest main effects with roughly comparable magnitudes. Foam was statistically significant for fewer of the responses and its overall strength was weaker than for Barrier and Fabric. No statistically significant main effects were identified for Wrap or Thread. Multiple two‐term interactions between factors were identified as being statistically significant. The Barrier*Fabric interaction resulted in the highest number of and strongest statistically significant effects. The existence of two‐term interactions means that it will be necessary to consider their effects in approaches designed to predict the burning behavior of RUF. 相似文献
2.
The extended quadratic residue code is the only (48,24,12) self-dual doubly-even code 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Houghten S.K. Lam C.W.H. Thiel L.H. Parker J.A. 《IEEE transactions on information theory / Professional Technical Group on Information Theory》2003,49(1):53-59
An extremal self-dual doubly-even binary (n,k,d) code has a minimum weight d=4/spl lfloor/n/24/spl rfloor/+4. Of such codes with length divisible by 24, the Golay code is the only (24,12,8) code, the extended quadratic residue code is the only known (48,24,12) code, and there is no known (72,36,16) code. One may partition the search for a (48,24,12) self-dual doubly-even code into three cases. A previous search assuming one of the cases found only the extended quadratic residue code. We examine the remaining two cases. Separate searches assuming each of the remaining cases found no codes and thus the extended quadratic residue code is the only doubly-even self-dual (48,24,12) code. 相似文献
3.
H.P. Kuo P.C. KnightD.J. Parker A.S. BurbidgeM.J. Adams J.P.K. Seville 《Powder Technology》2003,132(1):1-9
The motion of sand particles close to a single moving blade was investigated using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) during the period in which the free bed surface profile was evolving to an equilibrium shape. The area affected by the blade was divided into active and inactive regions and these were analysed separately. The characteristic heart-shape of the active region in the plan view was determined. An approximately 10-particle-diameter wide velocity transition zone is found between the two regions. While the tracer particle is in the inactive region moving away from the blade, the time dependence of the axial displacement is well described by a logarithmic relationship. The probability of particle movement towards the centre of the blade was quantified using a “central tendency” index. The calculated central tendency shows maxima at each side of the blade. The separation of the two maxima, which indicates the width of the active region, increases with fill level but is independent of rotational speed. 相似文献
4.
The superior high temperature mechanical strength and oxidation resistance of ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) tubular alloys are compromised by the difficulties encountered in joining. Conventional fusion welding techniques generate a weld fusion zone which is devoid of the mechanical strength exhibited by the base material. Therefore, more sophisticated solid state joining techniques, such as diffusion bonding, must be employed when joining ODS materials. This paper describes a series of solid state diffusion bonding experiments carried out between two tubular ferritic ODS alloys and two high temperature austenitic alloys. Careful control of bonding conditions produced pressure retaining joints between one of the tubular ODS alloys and both austenitic alloys. The successful joint design was incorporated into the manufacture of a tubular creep component, which enabled a series of internally pressurized creep tests to be carried out. The microstructure developed at the bond interface of each of the four separate material couples is described and the high temperature performance of the pressure retaining joints is discussed. 相似文献
5.
Temperature control offers benefits in land‐based marine aquaculture: stock growth rates may be enhanced by heating in winter; mortality rates in summer may be reduced by cooling. However, if the plant is not well designed, temperature control may create very large energy demands. This paper describes the application of temperature control in abalone aquaculture in New Zealand, with a focus on energy considerations in plant design. An abalone farm using a semi‐closed water conditioning system is used as a case study for which an energy model, based on a heat pump system, is developed. The model is used to determine the impact of plant design and tank conditions on the economics of the operation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
The capacity to store water in a reservoir declines as it traps sediment. A river entering a reservoir forms a prograding delta. Coarse sediment (e.g., sand) deposits in the fluvial topset and avalanching foreset of the delta, and is typically trapped with an efficiency near 100%. The trap efficiency of fine sediment (e.g., mud), on the other hand, may be below 100%, because some of this sediment may pass out of the reservoir without settling out. Here, a model of trap efficiency of mud is developed in terms of the mechanics of a turbidity current that plunges on the foreset. The dam causes a sustained turbidity current to reflect and form a muddy pond bounded upstream by a hydraulic jump. If the interface of this muddy pond rises above any vent or overflow point at the dam, the trap efficiency of mud drops below 100%. A model of the coevolution of topset, foreset, and bottomset in a reservoir that captures the dynamics of the internal muddy pond is presented. Numerical implementation, comparison against an experiment, and application to a field-scale case provide the basis for a physical understanding of the processes that determine reservoir trap efficiency. 相似文献
7.
Wood A.C.G. O'Neill A.G. Phillips P.J. Biswas R.G. Whall T.E. Parker E.H.C. 《Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on》1993,40(1):157-162
Delta-doped MOSFETs have been fabricated in MBE-grown silicon using for the first time boron as the dopant within the delta layer. Current-voltage characteristics have been measured, and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to confirm the location of the delta layer and the extent of layer broadening by diffusion during processing. Precise threshold voltages of the devices are difficult to determine since the devices (which all operate in depletion mode) take several volts to switch off. Transconductances of the devices have been measured, and it is shown how analysis of these results can yield estimates of the carrier mobility for transport along the delta layers despite the uncertainty in the threshold voltage. A clear transition is observed in the results which is attributed to the formation of a parasitic surface-channel field-effect transistor, providing conclusive evidence that the devices are conducting along a delta channel for part of the measured range of applied gate biases 相似文献
8.
Moore J.R. Collings N. Crossland W.A. Davey A.B. Evans M. Jeziorska A.M. Komarcevic M. Parker R.J. Wilkinson T.D. Xu H. 《Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE》2008,20(1):60-62
Polarization-insensitivity is achieved in a reflective spatial light modulator by laying a quarter-wave plate (QWP) at the incident wavelength directly over the mirror pixels of a silicon backplane, and forming a nematic Freedrickcz cell over the QWP to modulate the reflected phase. To achieve the highest drive voltage from the available silicon process, a switched voltage common front electrode design is described, with variable amplitude square wave drive to the pixels to maintain constant root-mean-square drive and minimize phase fluctuations during the dc balance refresh cycle. The silicon has been fabricated and liquid-crystal-on-silicon cells both with and without the QWP assembled; applications include optically transparent switches for optical networks, beam steering for add-drop multiplexers for wavelength-division-multiplexing telecommunications, television multicast, and holographic projection. 相似文献
9.
Optimal synthesis of tunable elastic wave-guides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anton Evgrafov Cory J. Rupp 《Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering》2008,198(2):292-301
Topology optimization, or control in the coefficients of partial differential equations, has been successfully utilized for designing wave-guides with precisely tailored functionalities. For many applications it would be desirable to have the possibility of drastically altering the wave-guiding properties of a device “on the fly,” in a controllable manner as an influence of some external input. This would enable wave-guides with highly non-linear input-output mappings, such as for example controllable wave switches.In this paper, we propose using finite elastic pre-straining for the purpose of tuning a wave-guide. In order to systematically formulate and solve the wave-guide synthesis problems we utilize mathematical programming methods in conjunction with topology optimization for parametrizing the design space. The resulting extremal problem is, from a practical point, equivalent to finding an optimal subdivision of a given control volume into two disjoint subsets occupied by two different materials, normally resulting in a highly heterogeneous elastic body with desired wave-guiding functionalities in the original and finitely deformed configurations.The proposed methodology is illustrated with numerical examples. 相似文献
10.
It has recently been proved by Golubitsky and coworkers that in any network of coupled dynamical systems, the possible 'rigid' patterns of synchrony of hyperbolic equilibria are determined by purely combinatorial properties of the network, known as 'balanced equivalence relations'. A pattern is 'rigid' if it persists under small 'admissible' perturbations of the differential equation — ones that respect the network structure. We discuss a natural generalisation of these ideas to time-periodic states, and motivate two basic conjectures, the Rigid Synchrony Conjecture and the Rigid Phase Conjecture. These conjectures state that for rigid hyperbolic time-periodic patterns, cells with synchronous dynamics must have synchronous input cells, and cells with phase-related dynamics must have input cells that have the same phase relations. We provide evidence supporting the two conjectures, by proving them for a special class of periodic orbits, which we call 'tame', under strong assumptions on the network architecture and the symmetries of the periodic state. The discussion takes place in the formal setting of coupled cell networks. We prove that rigid patterns of synchrony are balanced, together with the analogous result for rigid patterns of phase relations. The assumption on the network architecture simplifies the geometry of admissible vector fields, while tameness rules out patterns with non-trivial local or multilocal symmetry. The main idea is to perturb an admissible vector field in a way that retains sufficient control over the associated perturbed periodic orbit. We present two techniques for constructing these perturbations, both using a general theorem on groupoid-symmetrisation of vector fields, which has independent interest. In particular we introduce a method of 'patching' that makes local changes to an admissible vector field. Having established these results for all-to-all coupled networks and tame periodic orbits we prove more general versions that require these assumptions only on a suitable quotient network. These conditions are weaker and encompass a larger class of networks and periodic orbits. We give an example to show that rigidity cannot be relaxed to hyperbolicity. We also prove, without any technical assumptions, that rigidly synchronous or phase-related cells must be input-isomorphic, a necessary precondition for the two conjectures to hold. 相似文献