银纳米颗粒在钠钙硅酸盐玻璃中的应力分析

Ag K边X射线吸收精细结构谱分析显示,包裹在钠钙硅酸盐玻璃中的银纳米颗粒的Ag-Ag原子间最近邻距离大于体材料中Ag的间距,说明此时Ag晶格膨胀.晶格膨胀程度依赖于Ag纳米颗粒掺杂玻璃的制备条件.晶格膨胀表明:包裹在钠钙硅酸盐玻璃中的银纳米颗粒处于张应力状态,这主要是由于Ag纳米颗粒与钠钙硅酸盐玻璃基质热失配造成的.     

Microstructural investigation of colloidal silver embedded in glass

Nanoparticulate composites consisting of very small silver particles embedded in near-surface regions of glass were obtained by sodium–silver ion exchange. Colloidal silver is formed by reduction of silver ions and aggregation of silver atoms in the glass matrix at elevated temperatures. Owing to absorption bands in the visible region, the silver particles cause a coloration of the glass that depends on their size and depth distribution. From high-resolution electron microscopy imaging of lattice plane fringes of the silver particles, size-dependent lattice contractions are deduced that are larger than those reported in the literature for supported particles not interacting with a matrix. This effect is the more pronounced the higher the annealing temperature is during the particle formation. The increased lattice contraction is attributed to compressive stresses that arise during the ion exchange process as well as during cooling after annealing.     

Microstructural changes of CM186LC single-crystal superalloy during creep deformation at 750 °C

The microstructure of creep‐tested CM186LC Ni‐base single‐crystal alloy was studied to assess its suitability for use in the gas turbine environment. Creep tests were conducted at 750 °C and at stresses of 560 and 675 MPa up to 11 440 h. The microstructure of fractured and terminated specimens was investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy. Microstructural analysis revealed the differences in the microstructure of creep‐tested CM186LC depending on the stress applied during creep at 750 °C.     

TEM, HRTEM, electron holography and electron tomography studies of γ' and γ" nanoparticles in Inconel 718 superalloy

The aim of the study was the identification of γ' and γ" strengthening precipitates in a commercial nickel-base superalloy Inconel 718 (Ni-19Fe-18Cr-5Nb-3Mo-1Ti-0.5Al-0.04C, wt %) using TEM dark-field, HRTEM, electron holography and electron tomography imaging. To identify γ' and γ" nanoparticles unambiguously, a systematic analysis of experimental and theoretical diffraction patterns were performed. Using HRTEM method it was possible to analyse small areas of precipitates appearance. Electron holography and electron tomography techniques show new possibilities of visualization of γ' and γ" nanoparticles. The analysis by means of different complementary TEM methods showed that γ" particles exhibit a shape of thin plates, while γ' phase precipitates are almost spherical.     

Effects of early social deprivation on emotionality in rats.

Following parturition, 95 male Holtzman albino rat pups were separated from their mothers and randomly assigned to rearing conditions (a) with mother and peers, (b) with mother without peers, (c) in incubators with peers, or (d) in incubators in isolation. At 65 days of age Ss were tested daily in an open field for 3 min. over 6 consecutive days. At 113 days of age, Ss were restrained and presented a mild auditory stimulus and subsequently a noxious shock stimulus while heart rate recordings were taken. Higher emotionality in maternally-deprived Ss was evidenced in longer emergence latencies, lower ambulatory scores, and higher urination frequencies in the open field. Maternally-deprived Ss also gave larger heart rate responses to auditory and shock stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

激光刻蚀工艺对Al2O3-ZrO2固溶度和结晶度的影响

利用X射线衍射，X射线吸收精细结构谱和高分辨电镜研究了激光刻蚀工艺对Al2O3-ZrO2固溶度和结晶度的影响．结果表明，Al2O3在ZrO2中的固溶度越大，ZrO2晶体结构无序度越大．样品室的空气压力越大，粉体中无定形相的含量越大．无定形ZrO2中存在短程有序-长程无序结构Zr-O-Zr（Al）．同Al2O3-ZrO2固溶体相比，无定形ZrO2具有更短的Zr-O和Zr-Zr（Al）原子间距离和更大的无序度．     

硅酸盐玻璃中银纳米颗粒的原子状态

在硅酸盐玻璃中原位合成了平均颗粒尺寸为2．8nm、4．0nm和7．0nm的银纳米颗粒．使用银K-边X-射线吸收精细结构谱（XAFS）研究了纳米银颗粒的尺寸和玻璃基质对银原子状态和纳米银颗粒热膨胀系数的影响．结果表明,随着纳米银颗粒尺寸的减小,银原子的静态无序度增大,非和谐振动加剧．根据非和谐爱因斯坦模型和热力学微扰理论,计算了银纳米颗粒的线性膨胀系数．结果表明,纳米银颗粒越小,热膨胀系数越大．     

Characterization of the μ and P phase precipitates in the CMSX‐4 single crystal superalloy

A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning‐transmission electron microscopy (STEM) using high‐angle annular‐dark‐field (HAADF) imaging, focussed ion beam‐ scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) tomography, selected area electron diffraction with beam precession (PED), as well as spatially resolved energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), was used to investigate topologically close‐packed (TCP) phases, occurring in the CMSX‐4 superalloy subjected to high temperature annealing and creep deformation. Structural and chemical analyses were performed to identify the TCP phases and provide information concerning the compositional partitioning of elements between them. The results of SEM and FIB‐SEM tomography revealed the presence of merged TCP particles, which were identified by TEM and PED analysis as coprecipitates of the μ and P phases. Inside the TCP particles that were several micrometres in size, platelets of alternating μ and P phases of nanometric width were found. The combination of STEM‐HAADF imaging with spatially resolved EDS and EELS microanalysis allowed determination of the significant partitioning of the constituent elements between the μ and P phases.     

离子交换法在钠钙硅酸盐玻璃中原位合成银纳米颗粒的研究

采用离子交换结合热处理法,在商用钠钙硅酸盐平板玻璃中原位形成2～7nm的银纳米颗粒。利用电子探针、X射线吸收近边结构谱、透射电子显微镜和高分辨透射电子显微镜研究了银离子在玻璃中的扩散、还原和生长机理。结果表明：玻璃中同时存在2价和3价铁离子,2价铁离子的存在有利于银离子被还原成中性银原子。银原子在玻璃中成核并生长成纳米颗粒。银纳米颗粒可以在离子交换时形成。提高热处理温度比延长热处理时间更有利于颗粒长大。特别当热处理温度高于玻璃转变温度时,出现Ostwald生长,导致银颗粒迅速长大,密度降低。大部分银纳米颗粒为十四面体单晶,少量为孪晶结构。