On Floating‐Point Normal Vectors

In this paper we analyze normal vector representations. We derive the error of the most widely used representation, namely 3D floating‐point normal vectors. Based on this analysis, we show that, in theory, the discretization error inherent to single precision floating‐point normals can be achieved by 2^50.2 uniformly distributed normals, addressable by 51 bits. We review common sphere parameterizations and show that octahedron normal vectors perform best: they are fast and stable to compute, have a controllable error, and require only 1 bit more than the theoretical optimal discretization with the same error.     

The role of UV-B on the degradation of PCDD/Fs and PAHs sorbed on surfaces of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needles

Photodegradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorbed on surfaces of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needles was investigated. The role of sunlight and, in particular, the role of short wavelength UV-B radiation were studied in a sun simulator under controlled environmental conditions. The photodegradation of PCDD/Fs and PAHs follows first-order kinetics. Simulated sunlight containing UV-B induced two phases of photodegradation kinetics for PCDD/Fs, whereas no distinct phases of the kinetics were observed for PAHs. UV-B radiation plays a much more important role on the photodegradation for PCDD/Fs than that for PAHs. Direct photolysis dominates the photodegradation of PCDD/Fs and PAHs.     

The Dynamic Emission Zone in Sandwich Polymer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells

In light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), the position of the emission zone (EZ) is not predefined via a multilayer architecture design, but governed by a complex motion of electrical and ionic charges. As a result of the evolution of doped charge transport layers that enclose a dynamic intrinsic region until steady state is reached, the EZ is often dynamic during turn‐on. For thick sandwich polymer LECs, a continuous change of the emission color provides a direct visual indication of a moving EZ. Results from an optical and electrical analysis indicate that the intrinsic zone is narrow at early times, but starts to widen during operation, notably well before the electrical device optimum is reached. Results from numerical simulations demonstrate that the only precondition for this event to occur is that the mobilities of anions (μ_a) and cations (μ_c) are not equal, and the direction of the EZ shift dictates μ_c > μ_a. Quantitative ion profiles reveal that the displacement of ions stops when the intrinsic zone stabilizes, confirming the relation between ion movement and EZ shift. Finally, simulations indicate that the experimental current peak for constant‐voltage operation is intrinsic and the subsequent decay does not result from degradation, as commonly stated.     

Extraktion von Lupinenöl mit überkritischem Kohlendioxid

Extraction of Lupine Oil with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Ground seeds of the South American lupine, Lupinus mutabilis SWEET, are treated with supercritical carbon dioxide at a pressure of 300 bar, a temperature of 40°C, and a throughput corresponding to 20 NL gas per g seed. Clear and slightly yellow lupine oil is obtained in almost quantitative yield. It is virtually free of lecithins and other phospholipids, whereas the oil extracted with hexane contains about 3% of such compounds. The two oils differ only slightly in their fatty acid compositions. Their alkaloid contents are also similar. Neither the yield of oil nor the extent of extraction of the various alkaloids is influenced by the water content of the ground seeds.     

HSPF-Paddy simulation of water flow and quality for the Saemangeum watershed in Korea.

The Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) is a comprehensive model that was developed to simulate many processes related to water flow and quality in watersheds of almost any size and complexity. Paddy rice fields often dominate extensive portions of the landscape in the Asian monsoon region. The hydrological and environmental conditions of paddy fields differ somewhat from those of other land uses, and HSPF may not adequately simulate watersheds in paddy farming regions. HSPF was previously modified to HSPF-Paddy; here, we examined the applicability of the modified model. The model was applied to simulate the water flow and quality of the Saemangeum watershed (2523 km2) in Korea, where paddy rice fields comprise about one-third of the total watershed area. Long-term monitoring data (5 years for water flow, 10 years for water quality) were used in the calibration and verification processes. Model performance was in the range of "very good" and "good" based on model efficiency (R2) and percent difference. The accuracy of the daily simulation was lower than that of monthly simulation for water flow. The water-quality simulation results were encouraging for this sizable watershed with mixed land uses; HSPF-Paddy proved adequate, and its application is recommended to simulate watershed processes in paddy farming regions.     

Protective and restorative effects of a Commiphora mukul gum resin and triheptanoin preparation on the CCL-110 skin fibroblast cell line

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a major ingredient in skin care products because of its anti‐wrinkle effects, although it has some side effects especially at higher amounts. In this study, we compare the anti‐wrinkle related properties of CoQ10 and a proprietary Commiphora mukul gum resin (guggul) and triheptanoin preparation (GU‐TC7). GU‐TC7 is prepared with a supercritical CO₂‐co‐solvent extraction with ethanol, standardized to 2% guggulsterones and triheptanoin, a triglyceride composed of three 7‐carbon fatty acids. Treatment of CCL‐110 skin fibroblasts with GU‐TC7 demonstrates a mild proliferative effect compared to CoQ10 and increased type I collagen synthesis. Additionally, GU‐TC7 inhibited matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) expression in a dose‐dependent manner at 20–100 μg mL^?1 and inhibited human elastase expression by more than 50% as compared to no elastase inhibition with CoQ10 treatment. These results suggest that GU‐TC7 possesses properties that are applicable to the treatment of wrinkles and may be considered for its further evaluation in skin care products.     

Solubilities of Soybean Oil,Jojoba Oil and Cuticular Wax in Dense Carbon Dioxide

The solubility of jojoba oil in dense carbon dioxide has been investigated by a dynamic method between 100 and 2600 bar and at temperatures within the range 20 to 80° C. The solubility isotherms and isobars of jojoba oil are compared with those of soybean oil. The appearance of solubility maxima was demonstrated for both cases in the high pressure region. The results are discussed and their implications for preparative extraction pointed out. In order to optimize the precipitation conditions a study was made of the solubility of cuticular wax in the low pressure region as a function of temperature and this was compared with the behaviour of typical essential oil components. The available differences can be utilized for an effective preprecipitation of wax from essential oils.     

Additive manufacturing of metal components with the ARBURG plastic freeforming process

Using the ARBURG freeformer in the metal injection molding (MIM) process chain instead of an injection molding machine for molding the parts constitutes a new approach for the additive production of sintered metal components. Its main benefits are toolless manufacturing and using the conventional MIM feedstock. This paper presents this kind of approach with a carbonyl iron feedstock. The investigation includes the determination of the influences of the relevant printing process parameters on the mechanical properties of the sintered parts and the comparison with MIM. Experimental results are discussed, including an analysis of microsections, density, tensile strength R_m and shrinkage.     

Data‐Parallel Decompression of Triangle Mesh Topology

We propose a lossless, single‐rate triangle mesh topology codec tailored for fast data‐parallel GPU decompression. Our compression scheme coherently orders generalized triangle strips in memory. To unpack generalized triangle strips efficiently, we propose a novel parallel and scalable algorithm. We order vertices coherently to further improve our compression scheme. We use a variable bit‐length code for additional compression benefits, for which we propose a scalable data‐parallel decompression algorithm. For a set of standard benchmark models, we obtain (min: 3.7, med: 4.6, max: 7.6) bits per triangle. Our CUDA decompression requires only about 15% of the time it takes to render the model even with a simple shader.     

When nonsense sounds happy or helpless: The Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT).

This article introduces an instrument for the indirect assessment of positive and negative affect, the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT). This test draws on participant ratings of the extent to which artificial words subjectively convey various emotions. Factor analyses of these ratings yielded two independent factors that can be interpreted as implicit positive and negative affect. The corresponding scales show adequate internal consistency, test–retest reliability, stability (Study 1), and construct validity (Study 2). Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate that the IPANAT also measures state variance. Finally, Study 5 provides criterion-based validity by demonstrating that correlations between implicit affect and explicit affect are higher under conditions of spontaneous responding than under conditions of reflective responding to explicit affect scales. The present findings suggest that the IPANAT is a reliable and valid measure with a straightforward application procedure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)