Fracture toughness of PAN-based carbon fibers estimated from strength-mirror size relation

Fracture toughness (K_IC) of representative high-strength type PAN (polyacrylonitrile)-based carbon fibers, Torayca™ T300 and T800H, with or without artificial surface defects, were estimated to be ca. 1 MPam^1/2 from the tensile strength vs. fracture mirror size relation, assuming a constant crack-to-mirror size ratio. The corresponding critical energy release rate (Γ) was ca. 7.4 J m⁻², which was close to the value derived from the reported surface energies for a graphite crystal. Similar K_IC values were obtained for the old-type PAN-based carbon fibers from the reported data by the use of the present estimation procedure.     

Using a GPU to Accelerate Die and Mold Fabrication

The authors present a GPU-based method for generating and verifying cutter paths for numerically controlled milling. A CAM system based on this technology is now employed in production at Mazda Motor Corporation for manufacturing stamping dies. This system can compute cutter paths more than 20 times faster than previous methods     

Permeation and separation of organic liquid mixtures through liquid-crystalline polymer networks

A side-chain liquid-crystalline polymer (LCP) was synthesized by the addition of the mesogenic monomer to poly(methyl siloxane) in presence of a Pt-catalyst. When an aqueous solution of 10wt% ethanol was permeated through a LCP membrane by pervaporation at various temperatures, the permeation rate increased with increasing temperature and drastically changed at glass-nematic (Tg) and nematic-isotropic (TNI) transition temperatures of the LCP membrane. The LCP membrane exhibited the waterpermselectivity in the glassy and liquid-crystalline states. The ethanol concentration in the permeate increased with increasing permeation temperature and the LCP membrane changed from the waterpermselectivity to the ethanol-permselectivity around TNI. These results suggested that the permselectivity was influenced by the change of the LCP membrane structure, that is, its state transformation. It was found that a balance of the orientation of mesogenic groups and flexibility of siloxane chains is very important for the permeability and selectivity.     

Hereditarily elongated carotid sinus nerve in a rat colony

A specific colony of Wistar rats was found in which the common carotid artery bifurcates at an unusually caudal position, thereby the carotid sinus nerve that originates from the bifurcation is elongated. The present study was done to determine whether this elongated nerve carries baro- and chemosensations in the same manner as the carotid sinus nerve of conventional rats or of other species. In chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats of this specific colony, the afferent discharges were recorded from the elongated carotid sinus nerve in response to a phenylephrine-induced rise in blood pressure and a fall in oxygen tension, as well as an increase in carbon dioxide tension in the respiratory gas. Reflex effects of electrical stimulation of the nerve were also examined. In nerve recording, the afferent discharges of the elongated carotid sinus nerve were increased by any of the perturbations, hypertensive, hypoxic or hypercapnic. Electrical stimulation of the elongated carotid sinus nerve caused an initial rise and a subsequent fall in blood pressure, bradycardia, and an increase of respiratory volume and rate. These results confirmed that the elongated carotid sinus nerve of rats in this colony contains both baroreceptor and chemoreceptor afferent fibers. It seems that this colony of rats proffers a beneficial material which will facilitate the studies to analyze the features and reflex functions of carotid body chemoreceptors and/or carotid sinus baroreceptors.     

Alternative technologies for biotechnological fuel ethanol manufacturing

The challenges of implementing biorefineries on a global scale include socioeconomic, financial, and technological constraints. In particular, the development of biorefineries is tightly linked to the continued availability of fermentation raw materials. These constraints can be relaxed by the use of diverse raw materials, while advances that confer higher flexibility would enable biotechnological plant managers to swiftly react to volatile markets. In conventional processes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae grows on a relatively limited range of substrates, and produces only a single product—ethanol. Given the observed maturity of the S. cerevisiae fermentation technology, alternatives to baker's yeast may be needed to tip the economic balance in favour of biotechnological ethanol. These alternative fermentation technologies may allow a greater diversity of substrates to be used to produce an individually tailored mix of ethanol and other chemicals. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Hybrid negative example selection using visual and conceptual features

An application of Query-By-Example (QBE) is presented where shots that are visually similar to provided example shots are retrieved. To implement QBE, counter-example shots are required to accurately distinguish shots that are relevant to the query from those that are not (Li and Snoek (2009), Yu et al. (2004)). However, there are usually a huge number of shots, not relevant to a particular query, which can serve as counter-example shots. It is difficult for a user to provide counter-example shots that would aid retrieval. Thus, we developed a QBE method based on partially supervised learning where a retrieval model is constructed by selecting counter-example shots from shots without user supervision. To ensure the speed and accuracy of the QBE method, we select a small number of counter-example shots that are visually similar to given example shots but irrelevant to the query. Such shots are useful for characterizing the boundary between relevant and irrelevant shots. For our method, we first filter shots that are visually dissimilar to example shots based on SVMs on a visual feature. Then we filter shots relevant to the query based on concept detection results from pre-constructed classifiers. Shots that pass the above two tests are considered as counter-example shots. Experimental results obtained using TRECVID 2009 video data validate the effectiveness of our method.     

Mechanisms of CO2 separation by microporous crystals estimated by computational chemistry

The diffusion and adsorption of CO₂ inside the pores of Li, Na, and K ion-exchanged X-type zeolites were simulated by molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo calculations. Carbon dioxide diffused inside the zeolites pores while it was colliding with pore walls. Then it stayed in a super cage of zeolites. Inside the pore of Li ⁺ ion-exchanged X-type zeolite (Li-X), the electrostatic potential term was −570 kcal/mol, this value was considerably smaller than those of CO₂ inside the pores of Na-X and K-X. On the other hand, from Monte Carlo calculations, CO₂ was found to strongly absorb near the 3B site for Li ⁺ ions. When CO₂ passed through the pores of alkali ion-exchanged X-type zeolites, the interaction between the CO₂ molecule and the 3B site for Li cation was fairly large.     

Novel synthesis of microcrystalline titanium(IV) oxide having high thermal stability and ultra-high photocatalytic activity: thermal decomposition of titanium(IV) alkoxide in organic solvents

Thermal decomposition of titanium(IV) tetra-tert-butoxide (TTB) in inert organic solvents at 573 K yielded microcrystalline anatase (titanium(IV) oxide, TiO₂) powders with a crystallite size of ca. 9 nm and a surface area of <100 m² g^-1. Primary and secondary alkoxides of titanium(IV), however, were not decomposed under similar conditions, indicating that the thermal stability of C-O bonds in the alkoxides was a decisive factor for their decomposition. The TiO₂ prepared from TTB by this manner was thermally stable upon calcination in air and retained high surface area of ca. 100 m² g^-1 even after calcination at 823 K. The as-prepared TiO₂ powders, without calcination, exhibited much higher rate of carbon dioxide formation than any other active photocatalysts such as Degussa P-25 and Ishihara ST-01 in the photocatalytic mineralization of acetic acid in aerated aqueous solutions. The higher activity of the present TiO₂ photocatalysts is attributed to both high crystallinity and large surface of the present product. The calcination of the as-prepared TiO₂ in air reduced the photocatalytic activity, but it was still higher than the other commercially available TiO₂'s. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.