Free radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate onto polypropylene in a co-rotating twin screw extruder

Free radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto molten polypropylene (PP) was studied in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Grafting yields of GMA obtained under various experimental conditions along the screw length allowed for a good appreciation of the effects of chemical parameters (the presence of styrene and the concentrations of peroxide and monomers) and those of processing parameters (feed rate, screw speed, and specific throughput). Similar to the results obtained in a batch mixer,¹ free radical grafting of GMA carried out in the extruder in the presence or absence of styrene proceeded rapidly, as it was virtually completed half-way down stream of the extruder. Additionally, the presence of styrene as a second monomer increased the GMA grafting yield reatly with reduced PP chain degradation. The ultimate GMA grafting yield increased with increasing concentration of peroxide, 1,3-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. This similarity between the batch mixer and the extruder is related to the fact that in both cases it is the concentration of the peroxide and its half lifetime that determine the grafting rate and the ultimate grafting yield. On the othe hand, the GMA grafting yield decreased with increasing screw speed or feed rate. For a particular specific throughput (the ratio of throughput to screw speed), an increase in throughput with a concomitant increase in screw speed brought about a decrease in GMA grafting yield. It was concluded that the GMA grafting yield is affected primarily by the residence time in the zone in which free radicals are not depleted. The effects of screw speed, feed rate, and specific throughput manifest mainly through this local residence time distribution. Specific energy is not a good measure of the performance of the extruder with respect to the free radical rafting of GMA onto PP. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Kinetics modelling of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over an industrial Fe-Cu-K catalyst

The kinetic experiments of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) over an industrial Fe-Cu-K catalyst are carried out in a micro-fixed-bed reactor under the conditions as follows: temperature of 493-542 K, pressure of 10.9-30.9 bar, H₂/CO feed ratio of 0.98-2.99, and space velocity of 4000-10?000 h⁻¹. The effects of secondary reactions of olefins are investigated by co-feeding C₂H₄ and C₃H₆. A detailed kinetics model taking into account the increasingly proven evidence of the olefin re-adsorption mechanism is then proposed. In this model, different sites are assumed for FTS reactions and water gas shift (WGS) reaction, respectively. Rate expressions for FTS reactions are based on the carbide polymerisation mechanism, in which olefin re-adsorption is considered to be a reverse step of olefin desorption reaction. Rate expression for WGS reaction is based on the formate mechanism. An integral reactor model considering both FTS and WGS kinetics is used to describe the reaction system, and the simultaneous estimation of kinetic parameters is conducted with non-linear regression procedure. The optimal model shows that the rate determining steps in FTS reactions proceed via the desorption of hydrocarbon products and the adsorption of CO and the slowest step in WGS reaction is the desorption of gaseous carbon dioxide via formate intermediate species. The activation energies of FTS reactions and WGS reaction are in good agreement with literature values.     

快速凝固Al-Li合金超塑性的研究

制备了急冷微晶铝锂合金并对其超塑性进行了研究。热机械处理使快凝铝锂合金获得超塑性。固溶+过时效+温轧+再结晶预处理的铝锂合金最大延伸率为585％,最佳超塑变形条件是:温度540℃,应变速率1.67×10~(-2)s~(-1)。观察分析了预处理中的组织变化和超塑变形中的空洞。超塑断裂主要因为空洞形成、长大、绕晶粒联接所致。     

CNG加气站爆炸燃烧的交通疏散仿真分析

随着石油资源的日益短缺和国家能源战略的调整,环保要求和汽车技术的不断提高,燃气车辆不断增多,与之相对应的车用加气站的数量也越来越多。但是接连发生的加气站燃气泄漏与火灾事故使得加气站的使用安全问题成为日益关注的问题。当加气站出现燃气泄漏与火灾事故时,天然气未立即着火可形成爆炸气体云团,遇火就会发生爆炸,在危险距离以内,人会受到爆炸冲击波的伤害。重点将对CNG加气站爆炸事故后的交通疏散条件制定分级标准,结合实例采用计算机软件仿真疏散分析,对以后进行新建加气站的安全评估分析工作开展提供定量依据。     

非线性预测滤波在星敏感器姿态确定中的应用

为研究无陀螺卫星控制优化问题的新方法,针对环境干扰力矩和估计误差等不确定因素导致滤波器稳定性和估计精度降低,提出了使用星敏感器测量值在线估计模型参数和卫星姿态的非线性预测滤波方法.根据预测滤波理论推导了关于模型误差的损失函数,利用线性化的测量方程求得使损失函数最小化的模型误差值,代人状态方程求数值积分,得到卫星的姿态估计参数.仿真结果证明,不仅简化了计算,且适应性更强.而应用四元数描述卫星姿态,避免了欧拉角法的奇异性问题.仿真结果还表明,方法收敛速度较EKF更快,状态估计精度与EKF相当,并对非线性模型误差具有良好的跟踪性能.     

Synergistic effects of micro-/nano-fillers on conductive and electromagnetic shielding properties of polypropylene nanocomposites

This study presents the synergistic effects of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and carbon fibers (CFs) additions on the electrical and electromagnetic shielding properties of GNS/CF/polypropylene (PP) composites. These composites were fabricated by the melt blending of different ratios of GNSs and CFs (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 and 0:20 wt/wt%) into a PP polymer matrix using a Brabender mixer. Besides, the chemical and crystalline structures and the thermal stability of the resultant GNS/CF/PP composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FT-IR and XRD showed that with the addition of GNSs content, transmittances at 1373.4?cm^?1 and 1454.4?cm^?1 became smaller and the characteristic peak at 26.82° became stronger. TGA showed that the GNS/CF/PP composite can be used at high temperature below 456°C. Blending 10?wt% CFs and 10?wt% GNSs into the PP polymer resulted in excellent conductivity (0.397 S/cm), which indicated the occurrence of the critical percolation threshold phenomenon, and also reached the maximum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of 20?dB at 1.28–2.00?GHz. Laminated with five layers of composites, its EMSE achieved 25–38?dB at 0.3–3.0?GHz, corresponding to blocking of 94.38–98.74% electromagnetic waves.     

线性时滞系统前馈-反馈次优控制: Taylor 级数法

研究线性时滞系统最优控制的前馈反馈近似设计问题.基于Taylor级数法,将系统的二次型最优控制问题转化为线性代数方程组的求解问题,给出了系统前馈反馈次优控制律的存在唯一性条件和Taylor级数表示形式.仿真算例验证了方法的有效性.     

基于NSCT和泰勒级数的图像超分辨率重建

结合非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)的多尺度、方向特性、各向异性、平移不变性以及泰勒级数高效逼近的优点,提出一种利用泰勒级数插值代替双线性插值的超分辨率图像重建算法.实验结果显示,该算法可以较好地恢复图像的细节信息和纹理特征,有效抵抗高斯噪声的干扰.     

一般访问结构上无可信中心的群签名方案

针对矢量空间秘密共享方案和离散对数问题的难解性问题,提出一个一般访问结构上的无可信中心的群签名方案.该方案无需可信的密钥分发中心KDC的参与,将群签名的应用范围推广到一般访问结构上.不仅可以克服现有门限签名方案在实际应用中的局限性,而且避免KDC对参与者的欺骗.在方案的执行过程中,部分签名和群签名都可以得到有效验证.分...     

The influence of publication delays on three ISI indicators

Summary Based on the transform function model of the observed citing process, the analytical expression of the age distribution of citations is deduced, and it is theoretically proved that the peak value of the citation distribution curve would fall and shift backward along with increasing the average publication delay and the peak age has a direct proportion relation with the pure delay and would be prolonged along with increasing the delay or decreasing the aging rate. The influence of the average publication delay on three ISI indicators impact factor, immediacy index and cited half-life are studied; in one subject discipline, the bigger the delay, the lower the three indicators of journals. Using the sensitivity theory, sensitivity formulae of the three indicators to publication delay parameters are deduced and it is found that responses of these indicators to changes of publication delays are different according to different time constant of the aging process; The faster the aging rate of a discipline literature is, the worse the influence of publication delays on the indicators of journals in the discipline.