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1.
Free radical grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto molten polypropylene (PP) was studied in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Grafting yields of GMA obtained under various experimental conditions along the screw length allowed for a good appreciation of the effects of chemical parameters (the presence of styrene and the concentrations of peroxide and monomers) and those of processing parameters (feed rate, screw speed, and specific throughput). Similar to the results obtained in a batch mixer,1 free radical grafting of GMA carried out in the extruder in the presence or absence of styrene proceeded rapidly, as it was virtually completed half-way down stream of the extruder. Additionally, the presence of styrene as a second monomer increased the GMA grafting yield reatly with reduced PP chain degradation. The ultimate GMA grafting yield increased with increasing concentration of peroxide, 1,3-bis(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. This similarity between the batch mixer and the extruder is related to the fact that in both cases it is the concentration of the peroxide and its half lifetime that determine the grafting rate and the ultimate grafting yield. On the othe hand, the GMA grafting yield decreased with increasing screw speed or feed rate. For a particular specific throughput (the ratio of throughput to screw speed), an increase in throughput with a concomitant increase in screw speed brought about a decrease in GMA grafting yield. It was concluded that the GMA grafting yield is affected primarily by the residence time in the zone in which free radicals are not depleted. The effects of screw speed, feed rate, and specific throughput manifest mainly through this local residence time distribution. Specific energy is not a good measure of the performance of the extruder with respect to the free radical rafting of GMA onto PP. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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The kinetic experiments of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) over an industrial Fe-Cu-K catalyst are carried out in a micro-fixed-bed reactor under the conditions as follows: temperature of 493-542 K, pressure of 10.9-30.9 bar, H2/CO feed ratio of 0.98-2.99, and space velocity of 4000-10?000 h−1. The effects of secondary reactions of olefins are investigated by co-feeding C2H4 and C3H6. A detailed kinetics model taking into account the increasingly proven evidence of the olefin re-adsorption mechanism is then proposed. In this model, different sites are assumed for FTS reactions and water gas shift (WGS) reaction, respectively. Rate expressions for FTS reactions are based on the carbide polymerisation mechanism, in which olefin re-adsorption is considered to be a reverse step of olefin desorption reaction. Rate expression for WGS reaction is based on the formate mechanism. An integral reactor model considering both FTS and WGS kinetics is used to describe the reaction system, and the simultaneous estimation of kinetic parameters is conducted with non-linear regression procedure. The optimal model shows that the rate determining steps in FTS reactions proceed via the desorption of hydrocarbon products and the adsorption of CO and the slowest step in WGS reaction is the desorption of gaseous carbon dioxide via formate intermediate species. The activation energies of FTS reactions and WGS reaction are in good agreement with literature values. 相似文献
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随着石油资源的日益短缺和国家能源战略的调整,环保要求和汽车技术的不断提高,燃气车辆不断增多,与之相对应的车用加气站的数量也越来越多。但是接连发生的加气站燃气泄漏与火灾事故使得加气站的使用安全问题成为日益关注的问题。当加气站出现燃气泄漏与火灾事故时,天然气未立即着火可形成爆炸气体云团,遇火就会发生爆炸,在危险距离以内,人会受到爆炸冲击波的伤害。重点将对CNG加气站爆炸事故后的交通疏散条件制定分级标准,结合实例采用计算机软件仿真疏散分析,对以后进行新建加气站的安全评估分析工作开展提供定量依据。 相似文献
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为研究无陀螺卫星控制优化问题的新方法,针对环境干扰力矩和估计误差等不确定因素导致滤波器稳定性和估计精度降低,提出了使用星敏感器测量值在线估计模型参数和卫星姿态的非线性预测滤波方法.根据预测滤波理论推导了关于模型误差的损失函数,利用线性化的测量方程求得使损失函数最小化的模型误差值,代人状态方程求数值积分,得到卫星的姿态估计参数.仿真结果证明,不仅简化了计算,且适应性更强.而应用四元数描述卫星姿态,避免了欧拉角法的奇异性问题.仿真结果还表明,方法收敛速度较EKF更快,状态估计精度与EKF相当,并对非线性模型误差具有良好的跟踪性能. 相似文献
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Ting-Ting Li An-Pang Chen Po-Wen Hwang Yi-Jun Pan Wen-Hao Hsing Ching-Wen Lou 《Materials and Manufacturing Processes》2018,33(2):149-155
This study presents the synergistic effects of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and carbon fibers (CFs) additions on the electrical and electromagnetic shielding properties of GNS/CF/polypropylene (PP) composites. These composites were fabricated by the melt blending of different ratios of GNSs and CFs (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15 and 0:20 wt/wt%) into a PP polymer matrix using a Brabender mixer. Besides, the chemical and crystalline structures and the thermal stability of the resultant GNS/CF/PP composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FT-IR and XRD showed that with the addition of GNSs content, transmittances at 1373.4?cm?1 and 1454.4?cm?1 became smaller and the characteristic peak at 26.82° became stronger. TGA showed that the GNS/CF/PP composite can be used at high temperature below 456°C. Blending 10?wt% CFs and 10?wt% GNSs into the PP polymer resulted in excellent conductivity (0.397 S/cm), which indicated the occurrence of the critical percolation threshold phenomenon, and also reached the maximum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of 20?dB at 1.28–2.00?GHz. Laminated with five layers of composites, its EMSE achieved 25–38?dB at 0.3–3.0?GHz, corresponding to blocking of 94.38–98.74% electromagnetic waves. 相似文献
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研究线性时滞系统最优控制的前馈反馈近似设计问题.基于Taylor级数法,将系统的二次型最优控制问题转化为线性代数方程组的求解问题,给出了系统前馈反馈次优控制律的存在唯一性条件和Taylor级数表示形式.仿真算例验证了方法的有效性. 相似文献
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Summary Based on the transform
function model of the observed citing process, the analytical expression of the
age distribution of citations is deduced, and it is theoretically proved that
the peak value of the citation distribution curve would fall and shift backward
along with increasing the average publication delay and the peak age has a
direct proportion relation with the pure delay and would be prolonged along
with increasing the delay or decreasing the aging rate. The influence of the
average publication delay on three ISI indicators impact factor, immediacy
index and cited half-life are studied; in one subject discipline, the bigger
the delay, the lower the three indicators of journals. Using the sensitivity
theory, sensitivity formulae of the three indicators to publication delay
parameters are deduced and it is found that responses of these indicators to
changes of publication delays are different according to different time
constant of the aging process; The faster the aging rate of a discipline
literature is, the worse the influence of publication delays on the indicators
of journals in the discipline. 相似文献