Diffusion of dyes in polyester fibers. IV. Anomalous sorption of disperse dye synthene scarlet P3GL

The investigations on dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL have revealed anomalous sorption of the dye in heat-treated samples. In the mathematical solution of the process it has been assumed that anomalous sorption can be treated as superposition in time of two stages of Fickian sorption. The contents of absorbed dye at quasiequilibrium C_I, at the final equilibrium C_II, and the apparent diffusion coefficients D_I, and D_II have been calculated using Hill's equation.     

The morphology of the NiO-Al2O3 catalyst

The morphology of the NiO-Al2O3 catalyst, prepared by coprecipitation, impregnation, and mechanical powder mixing with ca. 5, 10, and 20 wt% nickel treated at 400 degrees, 700 degrees, and 1100 degrees C, was studied. Scanning electron microscopy is a useful technique for determining the manner of catalyst preparation for particle size estimation of catalyst components, whereas their mutual interactions become visible in the obtained images.     

Investigation of unusual inactivity of industrial platinum-rhodium catalyst gauze

The aim of this work was to obtain information about the causes of unusual lack of activation of fresh, unused, 90% platinum-10% rhodium catalyst gauze that was detected after the activation process in an industrial ammonia oxidation plant. To reach the usual efficiency, it was necessary to regenerate the catalyst immediately after the activation procedure by using an acid bath. To avoid future unexpected shutdowns in the ammonia oxidation plant, the possible sources of impurities accumulated on the catalyst surface were investigated by an analysis of the experimental results and technological processes. The absence of accumulation on the unused catalyst surface eliminates the possibility of contamination during the preparation, while the composition of the impurities indicates that it cannot result from the reactor construction material. In mixed feedstock, detectable amounts of the poisons mentioned were not detected either after filtration or before the reactor. All these considerations imply that the time when the catalyst contamination occurred must have been before the contact with the gas mixture. From data obtained, it is hypothesized that the origin of this substance is from the polluted air in the industrial area where the ammonia oxidation plant is located and that the accumulation probably took place during the preparation of the catalyst pad.