Water-Quality Monitoring in Anguilla

Anguilla is a UK overseas (non-independent) territory in the Caribbean. It is a small middle-income island with a population of 13 000, and recent statistics indicate that it is more dependent on tourism than any other country or territory in the world. Rapid population growth and development have placed more emphasis on the need for human health and environmental protection. For the first time, a systematic water-quality monitoring programme has been developed, based on the realities of the local situation, e.g. low resource base, limited capabilities, dependence on household rainwater catchment, storage cisterns, and a poor water-supply network. Development of the programme incorporated the key themes of pragmatic, realistic, incremental, responsive, and consultative approaches.     

The Use of Different Conveyance Calculations for Modelling Flows in a Compact Compound Channel

Flow measurements have been taken for steady and unsteady flows on a reach of a river having a compact compound channel. The 'single channel', 'divided channel' and 'lateral' distribution methods have been used to calculate conveyances for use in a one-dimensional unsteady flow model of the reach. Comparisons with measured flows show that the divided channel method and the lateral distribution method both underestimate floodplain flow depths. The lateral distribution method gives the closest accuracy in the relative depth range 0.15 ≤ Yr < 0.40. For large flow depths the single channel method becomes more accurate and slightly over-estimates flow depths.
The accuracy of unit width discharge distributions, calculated from the lateral distribution method are assessed by comparison with observed distributions for overbank flows.     

Evaluation of a Pilot-Scale Bioscrubber for the Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide

This technical note describes an investigation on the feasibility of using treated wastewater to support the operation of a fixed-film bioscrubber for H₂S removal. A laboratory-scale fixed-film bioscrubber was assembled using Thiobacillus bacteria which were isolated from a sample of raw sludge, cultured in the laboratory, and immobilised onto the scrubber's plastic packing media by an immersion method.     

Environmental Health and the Water Distribution System: A Case History of an Outbreak of Giardiasis

I n J uly /A ugust 1985 a significant outbreak of giardiasis occurred in part of south Bristol. An epidemiological inquiry carried out strongly suggested that the outbreak was water-borne. Although no positive evidence was found to link the outbreak with mains water. the Company immediately accepted its feasibility m d co-operated fully with the Hcalth Authorities in the ensuing investigation.
The piper ilescrihes the investigation to ascertain whether the supply system was involved, and considers some of the broader implications of the situation.     

Trials Using a Mobile Ultraviolet Disinfection System in South West Water

Ultraviolet radiation has been shown to be effective for disinfecting secondary effluents, and the National Rivers Authority has given conditional approval for its use at sites where disinfection can be justified.
This paper describes the findings of disinfection trials on five different sewage works' effluents using low-pressure ultraviolet systems. The study examines and compares the disinfection performance of clean units and their deterioration in performance due to fouling effects. Conclusions are drawn on the effectiveness of ultraviolet disinfection in the removal of pathogens and pathogen surrogates.     

The Effect of Ozonation on Particle Removal in Drinking-Water Treatment

The effect of the introduction of additional process stages in a surface-water treatment plant was studied in order to investigate how particle removal could be optimized. Particle counting is considered to be a useful indicator of treatment performance. This paper is based on results which were obtained from trials on a water-treatment plant treating surface water; these consisted of a combination of modifications to existing full-scale plant and a specially constructed pilot plant.     

Surface-Water Abstraction Controls in Scotland

ABSTRACT The system of abstraction controls for irrigation in Scotland is one of local control orders where, to limit abstractions from any particular watercourse, the river purification authority must apply for an order from the Secretary of State for Scotland to cover abstractions from that one watercourse and its catchment. This contrasts sharply with the heavily protective system in England and Wales where the National Rivers Authority has statutory powers to license all abstractions. The purpose of this paper is to examine the abstraction control system in Scotland with a view to highlighting its advantages and limitations, and to suggest ways by which the system can be improved or made more effective.     

Development of the Sludge Thermal-Drying Option for South West Water

Sewage-sludge production in South West Water is predicted to more than double, to about 50000 dry tonnes per annum, by the turn of the century. Staff of South West Water Services have carried out a strategic review of sludge utilization and treatment options, and have developed a strategic planning computer model to assist in the financial evaluation of the many options which are available. The strategy allows for the provision of new raw sludge thermal-drying facilities for the anticipated increase in sludge production.
Trials were carried out with an indirect dryer system to develop and investigate the operational issues and use of the dried raw product. The initial trial produced a fluffy, low-density material with poor storage and handling characteristics, apparently associated with the high-fibre content of the sludge. The process has been modified to include pelletization.     

The Sirofloc Process at Redmires Water-Treatment Works

The first use of the Sirofloc process in an operational water-treatment works, outside Australia, was commissioned in 1988 by Yorkshire Water at Redmires, Sheffield. The plant represents a major advancement in the development of a new type of treatment process for drinking water.
This paper describes the new treatment process and the method and reasons adopted in developing a full-scale plant. The first four months of operation are reviewed, with particular attention to the water quality produced and the performance of the plant. Further areas for development in improving the performance of the process are identified.     

Effect of semi-rigid connections on steel column strength

A review has been made of all available experimental data relating to the moment versus in-plane rotational behaviour of practical beam-to-column connection types as used in steel frames. This has clearly shown that all forms of connection possess some stiffness which will act as partial restraint to the column's ends. Moreover this restraint has been found to be a non-linear function of connection deformation. Methods of mathematically describing connection data have been reviewed and an improved representation based on the use of cubic B-splines proposed. This possesses the advantage that it will not give an (incorrect) negative connection stiffness. Using this technique to model connection behaviour a computer program for the maximum strength analysis of steel columns has been written. This is based on a Newton-Raphson incremental finite element approach and incorporates features such as initial lack of straightness and spread of yield through the cross-section including the effects of residual stresses. The results of some preliminary analyses, which demonstrate the increases in column strength and reduction in column deformation that result from a consideration of actual joint behaviour, are presented.