Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies. 相似文献
The change in polystyrene (PS) layer thickness, which has been simultaneously determined during post-yield deformation, shows
that crazing is the basic mechanism of toughening in all laminated films, and that shear deformation supplements the contribution
of crazing especially for samples with high polyethylene (PE) volume fractions. Crazes formed in PS layers in the laminated
films are slender and regular compared with the short and lenticular crazes formed in bulk PS film. When PE volume fraction
increased, craze advance speed decreased because of the reduction of the stress concentration effect at craze tips. The life-time
of the first mature craze to be formed at a given strain rate increased with PE volume fraction because the PE supporting
the mature crazes could effectively inhibit craze rupture and blunt out the propagating crack by absorbing the stored elastic
energy in the PS layer that would have been dissipated as fracture surface energy. 相似文献
We present simulation results of the vortex dynamics in a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of a rotating optical
lattice. Changing the potential amplitude and the relative rotation frequency between the condensate and the optical lattice,
we find a rich variety of dynamical phases of vortices. In particular, when the optical lattice rotates faster than the condensate,
the competition between the pinning force and the interactions by nucleated interstitial vortices leads to the melting of
vortex lattice, yielding a vortex liquid phase. 相似文献
A strontium tantalum sulfide, SrTa2S5, has a hexagonal structure with lattice constants of a =3.32 and c=24.1 Å. With decreasing temperature the electrical resistivity decreases monotonically and exhibits an abrupt superconducting transition at 3.16 K (midpoint). The diamagnetic susceptibility is observed below Tc. The magnetic susceptibility is nearly independent of temperature above Tc and shows Pauli paramagnetism. 相似文献
When we select No students from N applicants on the basis of a composite score of subtests, it is important to evaluate the contribution of each subtest. The swap-rate, which is defined as the proportion of the applicants who actually pass the examination but would fail if the j-th subtest were not included in the component to rank the applicants, is one of the measures of the contribution of the j-th subtest.
In this article, first, we derive the characteristics and limiting properties of the population swap-rate. Next, using the properties of the order statistics and the extended hypergeometric distribution, we derive an approximation to the asymptotic variance of the sample swap-rate when the number of applicants is large. Finally, we propose the use of our analytic approximation to the variance of the sample swap-rate in the real data problem and show that it is very efficient.
A development of 170GHz/500kW level gyrotron was carried out as R&D work of ITER. The oscillation mode is TE31,8. In a short pulse experiment, the maximum power of 750kW was achieved at 85kV/40A. The efficiency was 22%. In the depressed collector operation, 500kW/36%/50ms was obtained. The maximum efficiency of 40% was obtained at PRF=470kW whereas the power decrease by the electron trapping was observed. Pulse extension was done up to 10s at PRF=170kW with the depressed collector operation. The power was limited by the temperature increase of the output window. 相似文献
In this paper, we describe two kinds of characteristic nonlinear dynamics in two-component Bose–Einstein condensates. For two overlapping components, we analyzed the collective modes and a variety of nonlinear mode couplings, which were then confirmed by numerical simulation of the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equations. Next, we consider the nonlinear dynamics of two condensates after abruptly turning on the intercomponent coupling strength. For strong intercomponent interactions the out-of-phase density wave of the condensates became unstable, leading to mugtiple domain formation. 相似文献