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Yong Xu Yun Li Songlin Li Francis Balestra Gerard Ghibaudo Wenwu Li Yen‐Fu Lin Huabin Sun Jing Wan Xinran Wang Yufeng Guo Yi Shi Yong‐Young Noh 《Advanced functional materials》2020,30(20)
Unreliable mobility values, and particularly greatly overestimated values and severely distorted temperature dependences, have recently hampered the development of the organic transistor field. Given that organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have been routinely used to evaluate mobility, precise parameter extraction using the electrical properties of OFETs is thus of primary importance. This review examines the origins of the various mobilities that must be determined for OFET applications, the relevant extraction methods, and the data selection limitations, which help in avoiding conceptual errors during mobility extraction. For increased precision, the review also discusses device fabrication considerations, calibration of both the specific gate‐dielectric capacitance and the threshold voltage, the contact effects, and the bias and temperature dependences, which must actually be handled with great care but have mostly been overlooked to date. This review serves as a systematic overview of the OFET mobility extraction process to ensure high precision and will also aid in improving future research. 相似文献
3.
Hassan Hajjaj Gerard Goma Jean M. François 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2015,50(8):1731-1736
In submerged cultures performed in chemically defined fermentation medium containing glucose and glutamate, the growth and production of water‐soluble red pigments and citrinin by the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber were studied under various carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios. The specific production of the red pigments was optimal at a glucose/glutamate ratio of about 10 and then steadily decreased at higher C/N ratio. In contrast, the production of the mycotoxin increased with increased C/N with an optimum in the range of 30–45. In a fed‐batch mode, it was also found that the production of pigments was not favoured in fed‐batch mode by feeding the medium with glucose while keeping the C/N ratio lower than 10. This low production likely resulted from concurrent high accumulation of L‐malic acid that was reported to inhibit this production. In contrast, this mode of cultivation was rather favourable for the production of the mycotoxin. 相似文献
4.
Aard J. Groen Petra C. De WeerdNederhof Inge C. Kerssensvan Drongelen Rob A.J. Badoux Gerard P.H. Olthuis 《Creativity & Innovation Management》2002,11(1):2-16
In this paper we describe a framework for analysing the creation and justification of Research & Development. The 4S framework is developed for analysing the scope, scale, skills and social network aspects of Research & Development value. The framework is based on social system theory, a process contingency model, and recent Research & Development metrics. We present a first empirical assessment based on a workshop using the 4S framework for leveraging Research & Development. Results that assist in the assessment of value creation utilising R & D within networks are very relevant in high tech industries. The multi–dimensional process approach of this framework seems promising for understanding and managing R&D value creation, but needs further operationalisation. Case studies are described and a Dutch network on leveraging R&D has been initiated. 相似文献
5.
发现稳定裕度除了随线路上的故障位置单调增加、单调减小、凸状变化外,还可能呈现凹状分布的形态。通过扩展等面积准则(EEAC)理论揭示其机理,以解析方式得到稳定裕度随故障位置凹状变化的条件,并在多机系统的仿真中验证了稳定裕度随故障位置的异常变化形式。该现象的发现和剖析不但有利于深入理解电力系统暂态稳定性的物理本质,也对工程分析提出了新的注意点。 相似文献
6.
Gerard G. Litvan 《Cement and Concrete Research》1992,22(6):1141-1147
The freeze-thaw resistance of eight types of mortar specimens treated with 57 concrete sealers was determined. The reduction in water uptake resulting from the presence of sealer did not, in general, improve the freeze-thaw durability based on failure criteria of 0.02% expansion. Inverse relationship seems to exist between the sealer caused reduction of water uptake and freeze-thaw durability, as evidence by the plot of the average percent expansion vs. average water uptake. The results emphasize the importance of water transfer through the surface zone in partially saturated systems, a phenomenon not considered by the hydrostatic pressure theory. 相似文献
7.
Humanitarian psychological support as an organized field is relatively young. Pioneers in the field were involved primarily in providing psychological support to refugees and internally displaced persons in conflict and nonconflict situations. This article describes basic principles for the design of psychological support programs and interventions. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) began a psychological support program in 1991. The IFRC chose psychological first aid as its model for implementation in developing countries. Psychological first aid fits all the principles for psychological support program design and is adapted to individual communities. The first generation of psychological support programs differed dramatically depending on the countries in which they were developed. A second generation of psychological support programs evolved in response to the earthquake/tsunami of December 26, 2004. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee international guidelines consolidated the advances of second-generation programs and provided a clear indication of the wide acceptance of the importance of psychological support. A glimpse is provided of the third generation of psychological support programs, and an admonition is made for a more empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
We present experimental results on the phase equilibrium of a saturated3He−4He mixture, which has been cooled to a temperature of 10–15 mK and polarized in a4He circulating dilution refrigerator to a stationary polarization of 15%, 7 times higher than the equilibrium polarization
in the external field of 7 T. The pressure dependence of the polarization enhancement in the refrigerator shows that the molar
susceptibilities of the concentrated and dilute phase of a saturared3He-4He mixture are equal atp=2.60±0.04 bar. This result affects the Fermi liquid parameters of the dilute phase. The osmotic pressure in the dilute phase
has been measured as a function of the polarization of the coexisting concentrated phase up to 15%. We find that the osmotic
pressure at low polarization (<7%) agrees well with thermodynamics using the new Fermi liquid parameters of the dilute phase. 相似文献
9.
This investigation was designed to study alcohol treatment training by focusing on the components of training provided in psychology internship programs approved by the American Psychological Association. Data from 137 training sites revealed that two content areas—group psychotherapy and relapse prevention—were rated as most relevant to alcohol treatment training. Six other domains (aftercare, Alcoholics Anonymous, marital/family therapy, stress management/relaxation procedures, social skills training, and cognitive therapy) were rated as at least quite relevant. The extent to which interns were exposed to these content areas was variable. These findings are discussed in the context of issues surrounding alcohol treatment training among psychology interns and the provision of clinical services to alcohol-abusing patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Fast pyrolysis of heavy metal contaminated birch (CMB), resulting from phytoremediation, is investigated. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature (673, 773, 873 K) on the composition and evolution of the bio-oil/tar fraction and the gas fraction has been studied. The knowledge of the composition of the gaseous and liquid pyrolysis fractions, as a function of the pyrolysis temperature, affects directly future applications and valorisation of the pyrolysis products and are indispensable for making and selecting the proper thermal conditions for their optimal use. In view of the future valorisation of this heavy metal contaminated biomass, the pyrolysis temperature is imperative, because some of the heavy metals can volatilize at temperatures generally used for the co-combustion or fast pyrolysis of biomass. 相似文献