Ammonia production using iron nitride and water as hydrogen source under mild temperature and pressure

Ammonia generation was studied in the reaction between water and nitrogen-containing iron at 323 K and atmospheric pressure. Similar to metallic Fe, the interstitial compound Fe₃N reduced water through Fe oxidation to produce hydrogen gas, while the N combined with atomic hydrogen to produce ammonia as a byproduct. The addition of carbon dioxide to this system accelerated the reaction with concomitant consumption of carbon dioxide. The promoted ammonia production upon addition of carbon dioxide can be attributed to the generation of atomic hydrogen from the redox reaction of carbonic acid and Fe, as well as removal of used Fe from the reaction system through the formation of a soluble carbonato complex. When carbonate was added to the reaction system, the production rates of ammonia and hydrogen increased further. The results here confirmed that ammonia can be synthesized from iron nitride under mild conditions by utilizing carbon dioxide.     

Electrical Breakdown Properties and Space Charge Formation in High Temperature Region in Ultraviolet Ray Irradiated PVC

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most popular insulating material for electric wiring instruments. However, an exothermic reaction above 150 °C may cause deterioration of the insulating properties of PVC. Therefore, it is important to clarify the heat degradation in PVC, not only to investigate the ignition of electrical wiring products but also to use electrical products safely. It is known that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes chemical deterioration of PVC and an increase in its conductivity. Generally, it has been thought that the electrical breakdown properties, electrical conduction, and insulating performance are affected by space charge accumulation in an insulating material. A high temperature pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) system usable up to 250 °C has been developed, and the PEA system can measure the space charge distribution and conduction current in the high temperature range simultaneously. In this investigation, the space charge distribution and conduction current were measured up to electrical breakdown in a non‐UV irradiated sample (normal PVC) and in 353 nm and 253 nm UV‐irradiated PVC samples in the range from room temperature to 200 °C in a DC electric field. In the short wavelength UV irradiated PVC sample (253 nm, 300 h), a deterioration of breakdown strength at 90 °C to 150 °C and negative packet‐like charges were observed at 60 °C and 100 °C, a positive charge accumulated in front of both the anode and cathode above 90 °C, and a higher electric field near the cathode side because the positive charge of the cathode side was greater.     

Preparation and antibacterial activity of novel fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers/silica nanocomposites-encapsulated low molecular biocides

Fluoroalkyl end-capped N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide oligomer [R_F-(DOBAA) _n -R_F] reacted with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and silica nanoparticles in the presence of low-molecular weight biocides such as hibitane, hinokitiol, and hinokioil under alkaline conditions to afford R_F-(DOBAA) _n -R_F/silica nanocomposites-encapsulated these biocides in excellent to moderate isolated yields. Fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer [R_F-(DMAA) _n -R_F] and acrylic acid oligomer [R_F-(ACA) _n -R_F]/silica nanocomposites-encapsulated hibitane were obtained under similar conditions. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that the size of these fluorinated nanocomposites-encapsulated biocides thus obtained is nanometer size-controlled. Additionally, these fluorinated nanocomposites were shown to have a good dispersibility and stability in methanol and water. Of particular interest, these fluorinated nanocomposites-encapsulated biocides were found to have a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and these nanocomposites were applied to the surface modification of traditional organic polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate).     

Interleukin-6 cDNA transfected Lewis lung carcinoma cells show unaltered net tumour growth rate but cause weight loss and shortened survival in syngeneic mice

HuIL-6 cDNA, cloned into a neomycin resistant conferring expression vector, BMGNeo, was transfected into Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells. LLC cells (5 x 10(6) ml-1) transfected with IL-6 cDNA (LLC-IL6) secreted IL-6 into the culture supernatant at a concentration of 9.9 ng ml-1 within 48 h. When 1,000,000 of untransfected LLC, BMGNeo vector transfected LLC (LLC-Neo) or LLC-IL6 cells were transplanted into C57BL/6 mice subcutaneously, the mean +/- s.d. of survival times of these mice were 33.3 +/- 9.7, 34.3 +/- 7.1 and 17.0 +/- 3.1 days, respectively. The survival time of LLC-IL6 cells transplanted mice was significantly shorter than that of LLC (P < 0.01) or LLC-Neo (P < 0.01) cells transplanted mice without a measurable difference of tumour size. Plasma concentration of IL-6 steadily increased in LLC-IL6 transplanted mice. Body weight and serum albumin were significantly lower in LLC-IL6 transplanted mice than in LLC transplanted mice. Mouse IL-1 alpha and mouse TNF-alpha were not detected in the plasma of LLC-IL6 transplanted mice. These data suggested that secretion of IL-6 from LLC cells was unable to alter net tumour growth rate but rather caused a state similar to cachexia without detectable increase of IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha in the plasma. This state may be responsible for the shortened survival of LLC-IL6 tumour-bearing mice.     

Hot carrier magnetophonon spectroscopy of semiconductors in high magnetic fields up to 40 T

Hot carrier magnetophonon resonances of n-type Si, short channel InP and p-type InSb were investigated in pulsed high magnetic fields up to 40 T. Using a recently developed high resolution technique in pulsed high fields, many new features of the hot carrier-phonon interactions in high magnetic fields were found.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Machinable Glass-Ceramics through Postmachining Heat Treatments

A mica-based machinable glass-ceramic has been converted to a glass-ceramic containing cordiertie and body-centered cubic chondrodite through heat treatment at temperatures higher than that used for the crystallization of mica. The machinability is lost, microhardness increases, and the thermal expansion coefficient decreases with the change of the crystalline phase from mica to cordierite and chondrodite.     

Mechanical stress control in a VLSI-fabrication process: a method for obtaining the relation between stress levels and stress-induced failures

An ideal fabrication process is designed to minimize mechanical stress in semiconductor devices and to improve device reliability. Mechanical stress levels were predicted by in-house simulations supported by a thin-film database. These stress levels were correlated with stress-induced defects by TEM analysis supported by fail bit addressing on matured megabit SRAMs. Amorphous-doped silicon film with various annealing temperatures were used for the gate electrode to change the mechanical stress in devices and to get the direct relationship between predicted stress levels and stress related defects. The authors describe brief guidelines for suppressing dislocations in the small geometry shallow-trench isolation process utilizing this system. Polysilicon thickness in the W-polycide gate electrode is designed to minimize mechanical stress in the gate oxide and to suppress the gate oxide failure in probe and class tests. Moreover, critical stress generates dislocations during post source/drain ion implantation anneal obtained by a ball indentation method. This indicated that lower temperature anneal is effective in suppressing the dislocations. A two-step anneal was introduced to suppress dislocations and to enable higher ion activation.     

Tradeoffs in granularity and parallelization for a Monte Carlo shower simulation code

The EGS4 code, developed at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, simulates electron-photon cascading phenomena. The original code is inherently sequential: processing one particle at a time. This paper reports on a series of experiments in parallelizing different versions of EGS4. Our parallel experiments were run on a 30-processor Sequent Balance B21 and a 6-processor Symmetry S27. We have considered the following approaches for parallel execution of this application code:

1. (1) Original sequential version modified for parallel processing: 1 processor;

2. (2) Version 1 run multiprocessed: 1 to 29 processors;

3. (3) Sequential version modified for large-grain parallel processing: 1 procssor;

4. (4) Version 3 run using the Sequent Microtasking Library: 1 to 29 processors.

For each approach, we discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages in the areas of coding effort, understandability and portability, as well as performance, and outline a new parallelization approach we are currently pursuing based on Large-Grain Data Flow techniques.