（E）-2-壬烯酸合成方法的改进

(E)-2-壬烯酸是有机合成的一种重要中间体,我们利用Knoevenagel反应机理,改进了(E)-2-壬烯酸的合成工艺,在不使用脱水剂条件下,使用少量吡啶作催化剂,获得了83%的反应收率。     

高功率激光焊接光致等离子体的检测

系统地归纳了高功率激光焊接过程中光致等离子体的声、光、电、热等四种特征信号，综述了国外在等离子体信号检测方面的试验方法及研究进展，分析了未来的发展趋势     

The summary of researches on ADS in China

The conceptual study on the accelerator driven system (ADS) that lasted for about five years ended in 1999 in China. As one project of the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) in the energy domain, which is sponsored by the China Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), a five-year-program of fundamental research of ADS physics and related technology was launched in 2000 and passed national review at the end of 2005. The China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), the Institute of Heavy Ion Physics in Peking University (PKU-IHIP) and other institutions jointly carried out the research. The research activities were focused on HPPA physics and technology, reactor physics of external source driven sub-critical assembly, nuclear data base and material study. For HPPA, a high current injector consisting of an ECR ion source, LEBT and an RFQ accelerating structure of 3.5 MeV was built. In reactor physics study, a series of neutron multiplication experimental study has been carried out and still being done. The VENUS facility has been constructed as the basic experimental platform for neutronics study in ADS blanket. It’s a zero power sub-critical neutron multiplying assembly driven by external neutron produced by a pulsed neutron generator. The theoretical, experimental and simulation study on nuclear data, material properties and nuclear fuel circulation related to ADS is carrying on to provide the database for ADS system analysis. The main results on ADS related researches will be reported.     

大容积薄壁冰箱风道及箱体流场分析

目前在大容积间冷式冰箱研发设计中,由于薄壁技术和传统结构的技术限制,缺乏进一步提升冰箱容积率的方法.针对这一问题,基于某原型机,设计了横置蒸发器及其配套风道的新型结构.对横置蒸发器冰箱进行CFD仿真,分析横置蒸发器风道和箱体的内部流场特性演化规律.发现风扇同转速下,横置蒸发器冰箱相比较竖置蒸发器的冰箱左右两侧进出口风量更均匀,总风量相当.经性能试验验证,测试的流场特性和瞬态温度状态与仿真吻合.在相同的蒸发器表面温度的前提下,冷藏室温度下降较快,制冷量充足.     

SIMULATION OF THERMALLY-COUPLED DISTILLATION PROCESSES WITH TWO LIQUID PHASES

This paper modifies a mathematical model for distillation with two liquid phases so as to suit for thermally coupleddistillation with two liquid phases and advances an algorithm based upon the modified Naphtali-Sandholm method.Thestructures of Jacobi matrix and its submatrices of all types are given.The multiple phase flash method combined with acomparison of free energies for determination of the liquid phase split in stage is used.Seperation of butanol-water-propanol ternary system is employed to justify the method mentioned above.Satisfactory results are obtained.     

Development of poly(vinyl chloride)/wood composites. A literature review

Poly(vinyl chloride)/wood fiber (flour) composites are currently experiencing a dramatic increase in use. Most of them are used to produce window/door profiles, decking, railing, and siding by using conical counterrotating intermeshing twin‐screw extruders. Heat stabilizers, processing aids, impact modifiers, lubricants, and pigments are still important for PVC/wood composite formulations. Poly[methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate)] (PMPPIC), γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, maleated polypropylene (MAPP), and copper metallic complex have proved to be effective coupling agents for this composite system. Mechanical properties of PVC/wood composites can be enhanced by combining wood with mica or glass fibers to form hybrid reinforcements. Ultraviolet light resistance and weathering dimensional stabilities of PVC/wood composites are superior to those of natural wood. Density reduction can be achieved through the microcellular foaming technique by using chemical blowing agents, such as azodicarbonamide and sodium bicarbonate, or physical blowing agents, such as carbon dioxide. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 10:59–69, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Effects of copper amine treatment on mechanical properties of PVC/wood‐flour composites

Copper amine–treated wood flour was added to PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)] matrix in order to manufacture PVC/wood‐flour composites. Effects of copper treatments on the mechanical properties of PVC‐wood composites were evaluated. Unnotched impact strength, flexural strength, and flexural toughness of the composites were significantly improved by the wood‐flour copper treatment. The optimum copper concentration range was 0.2 to 0.6 wt% of wood flour. Fractured surfaces were examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). PVC/wood interfacial debonding was the main fracture mode of untreated wood‐flour composites, whereas wood‐particle pullout and breakage dominating the fractured surfaces of copper‐treated wood‐flour composites. On the fractured surfaces, more PVC could be found on the exposed copper‐treated wood particles than on untreated wood, a result suggesting improved PVC‐wood interfacial adhesion after copper treatments. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 10:70–78, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

中国经济社会消费水量、效率及其未来极值

为客观评估消费环节的真实水量消费和用水效率,在虚拟水分析的基础上研究经济社会消费水量。基于国 家和各省水资源投入产出表,构建虚拟水通量以及综合用水效率评价模型,评估 2007、2012、2017 年我国 31 个省 （自治区、直辖市）虚拟水通量、经济社会消费水量及其综合效率,并对未来经济社会消费水量极值进行预测。结 果表明：国内虚拟水输入区向高收入区域聚集,虚拟水输出区向水资源密集型产品生产地聚集,考虑虚拟水流通 后,各省（自治区、直辖市）综合用水效率具有趋同性特征,人均综合消费水量与经济发展水平呈较好的对数关系, 经济越发达、居民生活水平越高,人均综合消费水量越高;由于国际贸易商品结构变化,2012 年之前我国经济社 会用水量高于经济社会水消费量,之后后者超过前者,预期在 2035—2040 年我国经济社会消费水量将达到 6?907 亿 m 3极值,比经济社会用水量高 427 亿 m 3。经济社会用水量和经济社会消费水量分别反映生产端和消费端用水 规模,随着经济社会生活水平提升以及生产结构和贸易结构的转变,经济社会消费水量超过经济社会用水量规模 将日趋扩大,二者差额主要通过虚拟水解决,需要合理优化商品进出口结构,避免大宗进口引发经济和社会风险。     

基于水资源系统可持续性的南水北调进京规模分析

基于水资源系统可持续性评价的基本理论与方法,分析了不同供水条件和需水方案下北京市2025年水资源系统可持续性和南水北调对北京市未来水资源系统可持续性的影响,并从可持续性角度确定了不同发展情景下南水北调调水规模的阈值。结果表明:南水北调可总体改善北京市未来水资源系统可持续性,但在较高需水方案下或丹江口水库遭遇特枯水年时,北京市水资源系统可持续性状况不容乐观;未来应在科学制定需水方案的基础上合理增大南水北调调水规模,加强应急保障措施和资源战略储备,提升北京市水资源系统可持续性,实现首都水资源可持续发展。     

基于区间两阶段随机规划方法的 北京市水资源优化配置

针对缺水型城市水资源配置过程中的不确定性,建立了基于不确定性基本理论的区间两阶段随机规划模型,应用于北京市2025年水资源优化配置的研究。以北京市用水综合效益最大为目标函数,引入概率分布和区间数表示多重不确定性,求得北京市2025年城六区与郊区在生活、工业、农业与生态用水上的优化供水目标以及不同来水水平下的配水方案。结果表明:北京市2025年优化供水目标为47.39亿m~3,城六区工业用水与郊区农业用水的供水目标应采取保守值;不同来水水平下的优化配置水量为[36.49,47.39]亿m~3,仅北京为丰水年时不存在缺水现象,北京与丹江口水库同时遇枯时的缺水量高达[5.48,10.90]亿m~3,对北京市供水安全造成极大的威胁。该模型充分考虑不确定因素对水资源配置的影响,权衡用水收益与缺水风险的关系,并以区间的形式给出配置结果,可为北京市2025年供水目标与水资源优化配置方案的制定以及水资源安全保障措施的分析提供科学依据。