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1.
Fuzzy geographic information systems is a newly emerging field of computational intelligence. It combines fuzzy logic with spatial context. Most of the natural phenomena are fuzzy in nature. They show a degree of uncertainty or vagueness in their extent and attribute, which cannot be expressed by a crisp value. Agriculture is one of the fields of the spatial domain that needs to be described in fuzzy terms. Fertilizer is a key input for the agriculture sector. In this article, the spatial surfaces of fertilizers are developed for the wheat crop using a fuzzy decision support system. The algorithm of our system takes soil nutrients and cropping time as input, applies fuzzy logic on the input values, defuzzifies the fuzzy output to crisp value, and generates a fertilizer surface. The resultant output surface of fertilizer describes the amount of fertilizer needed to cultivate a specific crop in a specified area. The complexity of our algorithm is \(O(mnr)\) , where \(m\) is the height of the raster, \(n\) is the width of the raster, and \(r\) is the number of expert rules. 相似文献
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3.
Two-sourced evaporation technique is used to prepare hard ZnSe films by controlling the evaporation rates of both Zn and Se at substrate temperature of 400 °C. The films are doped with Cu by immersion in the Cu(NO3)2-H2O solution for different periods of time. The XRD has not shown a drastic change in the film structure while the electrical resistivity of the deposited film dropped from 109 Ω-cm to about 1.6 Ω-cm for solution immersed films after heat treatment. Optical properties of deposited and doped films, such as film thickness, absorption coefficient and optical band gap have been calculated from the normal transmission spectra in the range of 300-2200 nm.The optical results show a decrease of the transmission and an increase of the refractive index and a slight shift in the optical band gap. Chemical composition of the Cu is determined by using absorption of immersed films. The composition of Cu is also compared with the composition detected by electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA). 相似文献
4.
Abstract: Hydrocarbons, gas compounds, and off‐odor volatiles were determined for irradiated (0 or 5 kGy) commercial sausages with different fat contents (16% and 29%) during a 60‐d storage period at 4 °C. Total of 4 hydrocarbons (C14:1, C15:0, C16:2, and C17:1) were detected only in irradiated sausages: the amount of C16:2 was the highest, followed by C17:1, C14:1, and C15:0. The concentrations of hydrocarbons decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with storage, but were still detectable at the end of 60‐d storage. Irradiated sausages produced significantly higher amounts of CO than the nonirradiated ones. CH4 was detected only in irradiated sausages. Dimethyl disulfide was detected only in irradiated sausages and its concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with storage. Fat content of sausages showed a significant effect on the production and retention of hydrocarbons, gas compounds, and sulfur volatiles in irradiated sausages during storage. Some hydrocarbons (C16:2, C17:1, C14:1, and C15:0), CH4, and dimethyl disulfide were only found in irradiated sausages indicating that these compounds can be used as potential markers for irradiated sausages. 相似文献
5.
M. Usman Akram Anam Tariq Shoab A. Khan M. Younus Javed 《Computer methods and programs in biomedicine》2014
Medical systems based on state of the art image processing and pattern recognition techniques are very common now a day. These systems are of prime interest to provide basic health care facilities to patients and support to doctors. Diabetic macular edema is one of the retinal abnormalities in which diabetic patient suffers from severe vision loss due to affected macula. It affects the central vision of the person and causes total blindness in severe cases. In this article, we propose an intelligent system for detection and grading of macular edema to assist the ophthalmologists in early and automated detection of the disease. The proposed system consists of a novel method for accurate detection of macula using a detailed feature set and Gaussian mixtures model based classifier. We also present a new hybrid classifier as an ensemble of Gaussian mixture model and support vector machine for improved exudate detection even in the presence of other bright lesions which eventually leads to reliable classification of input retinal image in different stages of macular edema. The statistical analysis and comparative evaluation of proposed system with existing methods are performed on publicly available standard retinal image databases. The proposed system has achieved average value of 97.3%, 95.9% and 96.8% for sensitivity, specificity and accuracy respectively on both databases. 相似文献
6.
Behzad Satari Keikhosro Karimi Mohammad J. Taherzadeh Akram Zamani 《International journal of molecular sciences》2016,17(3)
The potential of two zygomycetes fungi, Mucor indicus and Rhizopus oryzae, in assimilating citrus waste free sugars (CWFS) and producing fungal chitosan, oil, and protein as well as ethanol was investigated. Extraction of free sugars from citrus waste can reduce its environmental impact by decreasing the possibility of wild microorganisms growth and formation of bad odors, a typical problem facing the citrus industries. A total sugar concentration of 25.1 g/L was obtained by water extraction of citrus waste at room temperature, used for fungal cultivation in shake flasks and airlift bioreactor with no additional nutrients. In shake flasks cultivations, the fungi were only able to assimilate glucose, while fructose remained almost intact. In contrast, the cultivation of M. indicus and R. oryzae in the four-liter airlift bioreactor resulted in the consumption of almost all sugars and production of 250 and 280 g fungal biomass per kg of consumed sugar, respectively. These biomasses correspondingly contained 40% and 51% protein and 9.8% and 4.4% oil. Furthermore, the fungal cell walls, obtained after removing the alkali soluble fraction of the fungi, contained 0.61 and 0.69 g chitin and chitosan per g of cell wall for M. indicus and R. oryzae, respectively. Moreover, the maximum ethanol yield of 36% and 18% was obtained from M. indicus and R. oryzae, respectively. Furthermore, that M. indicus grew as clump mycelia in the airlift bioreactor, while R. oryzae formed spherical suspended pellets, is a promising feature towards industrialization of the process. 相似文献
7.
Elchin Jafariyeh-Yazdi Akram Tavakoli Farhang Abbasi Mohammad Javad Parnian Amin Heidari 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2020,137(15):48553
Bi-supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts (TiCl4/MCM-41/MgCl2 (ethoxide type)) were synthesized to improve the morphology and the properties of polyethylene. The morphology control is a crucial issue in polymerization process, while tailoring the properties of polymers is needed for specific applications. The catalysts were synthesized in different ratios of two supports with impregnation method. The polymerization process was carried out in atmospheric slurry reactor. The catalysts were characterized with scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), inductively coupled plasma, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) methods. The polymers were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, FTIR, and tensile-strength analyses. Ubbelohde viscometer and frequency sweep measurements showed that the synthesized polymers are ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Mechanical properties of polymers showed higher Young's modulus in samples containing MCM-41, having higher thermal stability supported by TGA analysis. SEM images of bi-supported catalyst showed a controlled spherical morphology with uniform size distribution. SEM analysis support that the polymers replicate their morphology from catalyst, improving their morphology comparing to MgCl2-supported catalyst. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48553. 相似文献
8.
Sobia Noreen Sara Hasan Shazia Akram Ghumman Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari Bushra Ijaz Huma Hameed Huma Iqbal Afeefa Aslam Mervat Abdelaziz Mohamed Elsherif Shazia Noureen Hasan Ejaz 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(5)
The rapid progression in biomaterial nanotechnology apprehends the potential of non-toxic and potent polysaccharide delivery modules to overcome oral chemotherapeutic challenges. The present study is aimed to design, fabricate and characterize polysaccharide nanoparticles for methotrexate (MTX) delivery. The nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by Abelmoschus esculentus mucilage (AEM) and chitosan (CS) by the modified coacervation method, followed by ultra-sonification. The NPs showed much better pharmaceutical properties with a spherical shape and smooth surface of 213.4–254.2 nm with PDI ranging between 0.279–0.485 size with entrapment efficiency varying from 42.08 ± 1.2 to 72.23 ± 2.0. The results revealed NPs to possess positive zeta potential and a low polydispersity index (PDI). The in-vitro drug release showed a sustained release of the drug up to 32 h with pH-dependence. Blank AEM -CS NPs showed no in-vivo toxicity for a time duration of 14 days, accompanied by high cytotoxic effects of optimized MTX loaded NPs against MCF-7 and MD-MBA231 cells by MTT assay. In conclusion, the findings advocated the therapeutic potential of AEM/CS NPs as an efficacious tool, offering a new perspective for pH-responsive routing of anticancer drugs with tumor cells as a target. 相似文献
9.
Shojae Chaeikar Saman Zamani Mazdak Abdul Manaf Azizah Bt Zeki Akram M. 《Multimedia Tools and Applications》2018,77(1):805-835
Multimedia Tools and Applications - Steganography is the art and science of producing covert communications by concealing secret messages in apparently innocent media, while steganalysis is the art... 相似文献
10.
Iqra Jabeen Asma Ejaz Adeel Akram Yasar Amin Jonathan Loo Hannu Tenhunen 《国际射频与微波计算机辅助工程杂志》2019,29(11)
A miniaturized, polarization insensitive, and fully passive chipless radio frequency identification tag is proposed in this research article. The realized tag is based on slotted elliptical structures in a nested loop fashion with identical lengths and widths of slot resonators. Alteration of data sequence is accomplished by addition and elimination of nested resonators in the geometric structure. The tag is capable to encode 10 bits of data and covers spectral range from 3.6 to 15.6 GHz. The formulated structure demonstrates polarization insensitive characteristic. The data encoding structure is analyzed and optimized for different substrates that are, Rogers RT/duroid/5880, Rogers RT/duroid/5870, and Taconic TLX‐0 over the miniaturized footprint of 22.8 × 16 mm2. The presented tag is robust, novel, compact, and flexible exhibiting a stable response to impinging electromagnetic waves at various angles of incidence. 相似文献