分解MP3：一种节俭的收听装置技术

在我买了一个激光打印机碳粉盒之后,一张“赠送价值75美元物品”优惠券还给我家带来了一台O D-128MP3,也就是人们熟知的MP3-818便携式数字音频播放器。这个价格在我听来如同音乐,特别是考虑到OfficeDe-pot对这种播放器的正常标价是69.99美元。它的特性也不算太平庸:对MP3和WMA(     

领会无成本之路

之前,EDN分析了一个削价至20美元(原价为50美元)的USB音频外设。这次我们继续对ABS打折后的NW-203-RT 802．11g与四端口开关式路由器进行财务分析。在这个淡紫色塑料壳内都有些什么东西?卖20美元ABS还赚钱吗?     

THE LOGIC OF AUTOMATA

Automata are the prime example of general systems over discrete spaces, and yet the theory of automata is fragmentary and it is not clear what makes a general structure an automaton. This paper investigates the logical foundations of automata relating it to the semantics of our notions of uncertainty, state and state-determined. A single framework is established for the conventional spectrum of automata: deterministic, probabilistic, fuzzy, and non-deterministic, which shows this set to be, in some sense, complete. Counter-examples are then developed to show that this spectrum alone is inadequate to describe the behaviour of certain forms of uncertain system. Finally a general formulation is developed based on the fundamental semantics of our notion of a state that shows that the logical Structure of an automaton must be at least a positive ordered semiring. The role of probability logic, its relationship to fuzzy logic, the rotes of topological models of automata, and the symmetry between inputs and outputs in hyperstate/hyperinput-determinedsystems are also discussed.     

THE LOGIC OF AUTOMATA

Automata are the prime example of general systems over discrete spaces, and yet the theory of automata is fragmentary and it is not clear what makes a general structure an automaton. This paper investigates the logical foundations of automata relating it to the semantics of our notions of uncertainty, state and state-determined. A single framework is established for the conventional spectrum of automata: deterministic, probabilistic, fuzzy, and non-deterministic, which shows this set to be, in some sense, complete. Counter-examples are then developed to show that this spectrum alone is inadequate to describe the behaviour of certain forms of uncertain system. Finally a general formulation is developed based on the fundamental semantics of our notion of a state that shows that the logical structure of an automaton must be at least a positive ordered semiring. The role of probability logic, its relationship to fuzzy logic, the roles of topological models of automata, and the symmetry between inputs and outputs in hyperstate/hyperinput-determined systems are also discussed.     

Controller reduction via stable factorization and balancing

A controller reduction procedure based on a representation of a controller as a matrix function defined using stable proper transfer functions and employing a balancing technique is studied in this paper. For a certain right coprime factorization of an LQG designed controller K(s) = N(s)D^-1(s), we approximate using a balancing technique the pair [D(s), N(s)]^T by a low-order pair [D₁(s), N₁(s)]^T defining a factorization of the reduced-order controller K ₁(s) = N₁(s)D₁ ^-1(s). We show that reducing the controller order in this way is motivated in a natural way, which leads to the expectation of both good stability properties and good accuracy of approximation of closed-loop behaviour. This is also demonstrated in some examples.     

Structural controllability and matrix nets†

We establish structural controllability results for matrix pairs [A, B] where A = A ₀ + Σ μ _iA_i , B = B ₀ + σ μ _i, B_i , with the A_i , B_i , fixed, and the μ _i , free scalar parameters. The results characterize structural controllability in several ways, via tests involving the checking of the rank or the evaluation of the determinant of various constant matrices formed from the A_i , B_i . A number of the results used as intermediate results tests for a full rank property of matrix nets, i.e. tests that check if M = M₀+ Σμ_iM_i prescribed, μ _i variable, has full rank for almost all μ _i .