A learning automata-based fault-tolerant routing algorithm for mobile ad hoc networks

Reliable routing of packets in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) has always been a major concern. The open medium and the susceptibility of the nodes of being fault-prone make the design of protocols for these networks a challenging task. The faults in these networks, which occur either due to the failure of nodes or due to reorganization, can eventuate to packet loss. Such losses degrade the performance of the routing protocols running on them. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm, named as learning automata based fault-tolerant routing algorithm (LAFTRA), which is capable of routing in the presence of faulty nodes in MANETs using multipath routing. We have used the theory of Learning Automata (LA) for optimizing the selection of paths, reducing the overhead in the network, and for learning about the faulty nodes present in the network. The proposed algorithm can be juxtaposed to any existing routing protocol in a MANET. The results of simulation of our protocol using network simulator 2 (ns-2) shows the increase in packet delivery ratio and decrease in overhead compared to the existing protocols. The proposed protocol gains an edge over FTAR, E2FT by nearly 2% and by more than 10% when compared with AODV in terms of packet delivery ratio with nearly 30% faulty nodes in the network. The overhead generated by our protocol is lesser by 1% as compared to FTAR and by nearly 17% as compared to E2FT when there are nearly 30% faulty nodes.     

Study on effect of diverse air inlet arrangement on thermal management of cylindrical lithium-ion cells

Lithium-ion cells are preferred in the electrical powertrain due to high-power density, compactness, and modularity. In real driving conditions, the cells undergo discharge rates as high as 4 C resulting in high heat generation affecting the performance. To obtain the maximum performance the pack construction and thermal management of cells are crucial parameters. In our work, air-cooled technique with diverse air inlet and staggered scheme with a two-channel partition approach for thermal management of the cylindrical lithium-ion cells are studied in computational fluid dynamics. The simulation model is validated with experimental results. The obtained results demonstrate that the cells in the dual-directional air inlet arrangement had low maximum temperature difference among and within the cells and required least fan work. This arrangement required least fan work to generate optimal air inlet velocity of 2 m/s for 1, 2, and 3 C and 4 m/s for 4 C discharge rates. There is a reduction of 50% and 33% fan work for 3 and 4 C discharge rates, which are the majority operating points. Also, it shows that the temperature uniformity within the cells has improved. The results of this study can used to optimize parameters for designing an enhanced thermal management system.     

Numerical simulation of dilute turbulent gas‐particle flow with turbulence modulation

A numerical study of a dilute turbulent gas‐particle flow with inelastic collisions and turbulence modulation in an Eulerian framework is described. A new interpretation is provided for the interaction/coupling terms, based on a fluctuating energy transfer mechanism. This interpretation provides for a new robust closure model for the interaction terms with the ability to predict the turbulence dampening as well as the turbulence enhancement phenomenon. Further, the model developed herein is investigated along with a variety of other published closure models used for the interaction/coupling terms, particle drag, and solid stress. The models are evaluated against several sets of benchmark experiments for fully‐developed, turbulent gas‐solid flow in a vertical pipe. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Assisted history matching in the presence of frequent well intervention using generalize travel time inversion

In this paper we propose an efficient and novel technique that handles production discontinuities through a resampling of the production data, eliminating high frequency production details in a transformed domain. The technique also reduces non-monotonic behavior and results in a response more suitable for the GTTI based misfit calculations. Our proposed approach has been applied to an offshore turbidite reservoir with extensive well intervention resulting in highly detailed production responses. The static model contains more than three-hundred-thousand cells, complex sand depositional distribution combined with fault structures, four pairs of injector-producers, deviated producing wells and more than 8 years of production history. Previous history matching attempts using traditional approaches had difficulties matching production response at the individual well level. With our proposed modifications to the GTTI approach, a significant improvement was obtained on the well level match quality. Most importantly, by visualizing the streamlines and the dynamic adjustment of flow paths during history matching, we could easily identify the areas of inconsistency between the geologic model and the production data. The calibrated geologic model and streamline trajectories provided important insight about communication within sand channels, differences in flow paths and barriers that have not been included in the previous geologic and seismic interpretation.     

A variational approach to path planning for hyper-redundant manipulators

Motion planning for hyper-redundant manipulators in a complicated and cluttered workspace is a challenging problem. Many of the path planning algorithms, based on cell decomposition or potential field, fail due to the high dimensionality and complex nature of the C-space. Probabilistic roadmap methods (PRM) which have been proven to be successful in high dimensional C-spaces suffer from the drawback of generating paths which involve a lot of redundant motion. In this paper, we propose a path optimizing method to improve a given path in terms of path length and the safety against the collisions, using a variational approach. The capability of variational calculus to optimize a path is demonstrated on a variety of examples. The approach succeeds in providing a good quality path even in high dimensional C-spaces.     

Band-gap tuning of pendant polymers for organic light-emitting devices and photovoltaic applications

The preparation of a series of novel polymers comprising pendant electro-active “push–pull” chromophores and their performance in solution-processed organic electronic devices is described. The design of the electro-active pendant chromophores was based on the well-known motif of cyano-substituted poly(p-phenylenevinylene). Optical band-gap engineering within this series of polymers was achieved by varying the conjugation length and the electron donor/acceptor functionalities of the pendant chromophores. The introduction of a cyanoimine group into the electro-active pendant module resulted in a marked narrowing of the optical band-gap compared with the other electro-active pendant chromophores investigated in this work. Bulk heterojunction solar cell devices comprising these polymers were prepared by solution processing blends of each polymer with [6,6]-phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester, and their performance was evaluated by measuring power conversion efficiencies. The best-performing solar cell in this series exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 0.29% and a maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 22% and was produced using the polymer in which the electro-active chromophore comprised the cyanoimine group.     

Optimizing the costs of hierarchical quorum consensus

 We study the problem of how to minimize the cost of maintaining consistency among at least N copies of an object in an enviroment where the mix of read and write operations can vary. Quorum consensus requires that read and write operations must assemble appropriate quorums before an operation can succeed. The cost of an operation is proportional to the size of a quorum, and the objective is obviously to minimize the cost while still maintaining consistency. It is known that the quorum size can be reduced by organizing a number of copies into logical structures such as grids and hierarchies. In this paper, we show (a) how methods based on grids and hierarchies can be treated in a common framework, and (b) how these hierarchies can be optimized so as to minimize the cost of consensus. Of course, the optimal solution depends upon the mix of read and write operations that is present. Consequently, given N copies of an object and a ratio of write operations F, our algorithms determine the optimal values for the number of levels in the hierarchy and the read/write quorum sizes at each level. The algorithms, which run in O(N ^1.63) and O(N ²) time, were tested, and the results are reported and discussed. Received September 1, 1992/February 16, 1995     

Phosphorus-Enriched Hemodialysis for the Treatment of Hypophosphatemia in a Patient with Severe Lithium Poisoning

Severe lithium poisoning requires intensive and prolonged hemodialysis (HD) treatment in addition to supportive therapy. Aggressive dialytic therapy can bring about hypophosphatemia, especially, in those patients who are normo‐ or hypophosphatemic to begin with. We report here the use of phosphorus (P)‐enriched HD in a hypophosphatemic patient with lithium poisoning. A 58‐year‐old woman with a long history of bipolar disorder treated with chronic lithium therapy presented with progressively worsening confusion and incoherent speech. She was noted to be confused with a labile mood. The serum levels were lithium 3.6 mM, creatinine 1.7 mg/dL, Na 136 mM , K 4.2 mM , CO₂ 21 mM , BUN 23 mg/dL, and P 2.1 mg/dL. After a conventional, 4‐h HD session, she became more hypophosphatemic with a P level of 1.8 mg/dL. A P‐enriched dialysate, prepared by adding a Fleet^® oral saline laxative preparation (containing NaH₂PO₄.H₂O and Na₂HPO₄.7H₂O) to the “base concentrate” of a dual concentrate, bicarbonate‐based dialysate generating system to obtain a final dialysate containing 3 mg (0.97 mM ) of P/dL was used. She underwent 3 subsequent HD sessions using this P‐enriched dialysate, followed by normalization of the serum levels of both lithium and P. Our data suggest that hypophosphatemic patients suffering from severe lithium poisoning requiring intensive HD therapy and becoming more hypophosphatemic as a result of the dialysis treatment can be further dialyzed with a P‐enriched dialysate both to treat the lithium poisoning and to rectify the hypophosphatemia. In general, the use of such dialysates can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of dialysis‐induced hypophosphatemia.