基于计算机的材料性能测试

 恩斯特马赫研究所(EMI)的弗劳恩霍费尔瞬时动力学研究所通过多功能动态材料试验台、碰撞和冲击装置、冲击管装置进行实验以及数值模拟，从事材料动态特性研究，并将所确定的动态材料数据用于未来新材料的优化设计。     

Color vision in horses (Equus caballus): Deficiencies identified using a pseudoisochromatic plate test.

In the past, equine color vision was tested with stimuli composed either of painted cards or photographic slides or through physiological testing using electroretinogram flicker photometry. Some studies produced similar results, but others did not, demonstrating that there was not yet a definitive answer regarding color vision in horses (Equus caballus). In this study, a pseudoisochromatic plate test--which is highly effective in testing color vision both in small children and in adult humans--was used for the first time on a nonhuman animal. Stimuli consisted of different colored dotted circles set against backgrounds of varying dots. The coloration of the circles corresponded to the visual capabilities of different types of color deficiencies (anomalous trichromacy and dichromacy). Four horses were tested on a 2-choice discrimination task. All horses successfully reached criterion for gray circles and demonstration circles. None of the horses were able to discriminate the protan-deutan plate or the individual protan or deutan plates. However, all were able to discriminate the tritan plate. The results suggest that horses are dichromats with color vision capabilities similar to those of humans with red-green color deficiencies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of selenium and vitamin E on incidence of retained placenta

In a series of experiments over 3 yr, relatively low doses of selenium and vitamin E were injected intramuscularly 3 wk prepartum to pregnant Israeli-Holstein dairy cows in a high-producing herd (9000 kg milk/yr) with a history of retained placenta in 17% of the primiparous and 28% of the multiparous animals, as recorded for the 12 mo preceding the study. Selenium ranged from .035 to .109 ppm in the prepartum diet and from .160 to .200 ppm in the postpartum diet. Doses of selenium ranging from 2.3 to 23.0 mg reduced the incidence of retained placenta in 186 primiparous and in 428 multiparous to 7 and 15%, which was half of that of controls. Low doses of selenium (2.3 to 4.6 mg) tended to be more effective than higher ones. Selenium alone was at least as effective as a combination of selenium and vitamin E. Dosage, timing, mechanism, and interactions of selenium with other factors in reducing the incidence of retained placenta need clarification.     

Normative data for the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised: 25- to 34-year olds.

The normative data provided in the Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised (WMS—R) manual for individuals aged 25–34 yrs were estimated statistically by interpolation. As an empirical check of this procedure, a representative stratified sample in this age range was selected to match the 1980 US Census data on relevant demographic characteristics. Prorated Full Scale IQs for the group were normally distributed, having a mean of 101.3 (SD?=?14.58, range?=?72–231). Differences between the empirically derived and published index scores appeared to be clinically significant. Substantial intra-individual differences were common when Visual–Verbal or General–Attention/Concentration indexes were compared. Normative data for the WMS—R subtests, indexes, and distribution of differences between indexes is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Subanesthetic concentrations of isoflurane suppress learning as defined by the category-example task

It has been shown that chronic oral steroid therapy (ST) does not induce respiratory muscle dysfunction in normal and asthmatic subjects. As corticosteroids are sometimes chronically used in the treatment of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the aim of our study was to verify whether ST could cause respiratory muscle impairment and, since ST also affects the central nervous system, whether ST could influence the ventilatory pattern. We retrospectively studied 12 COPD patients (group A), on long-term therapy (for at least 4 consecutive months, range 4-18 months) with an oral steroid, deflazacort, 15 mg.d-1. The subjects were strictly matched, with regard to age, sex, height, weight, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), residual volume (RV), arterial oxygen tension (PaCO2), arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and pH, with 12 COPD patients (Group B) who had never taken oral steroids. To assess respiratory muscle strength, we measured maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures, while mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) was employed to assess neuromuscular drive; ventilatory pattern and airway impedence were also evaluated. Effectiveness of ST was confirmed by the plasmatic levels of endogenous cortisol. No significant differences were observed between the two groups with regard to MIP (A 72.2 +/- 9.7 vs B: 70 +/- 7.2 cmH2O) and MEP (A 91.6 +/- 10.5 vs B 94.4 +/- 7.6 cmH2O) whilst P0.1 was significantly higher in group A (2.6 +/- 0.3 cmH2O) than in group B (1.8 +/- 0.1 cmH2O). No significant differences were found among all the ventilatory parameters, but the impedence was significantly higher in group A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Complement-Opsonized Nano-Carriers Are Bound by Dendritic Cells (DC) via Complement Receptor (CR)3, and by B Cell Subpopulations via CR-1/2, and Affect the Activation of DC and B-1 Cells

The development of nanocarriers (NC) for biomedical applications has gained large interest due to their potential to co-deliver drugs in a cell-type-targeting manner. However, depending on their surface characteristics, NC accumulate serum factors, termed protein corona, which may affect their cellular binding. We have previously shown that NC coated with carbohydrates to enable biocompatibility triggered the lectin-dependent complement pathway, resulting in enhanced binding to B cells via complement receptor (CR)1/2. Here we show that such NC also engaged all types of splenic leukocytes known to express CR3 at a high rate when NC were pre-incubated with native mouse serum resulting in complement opsonization. By focusing on dendritic cells (DC) as an important antigen-presenting cell type, we show that CR3 was essential for binding/uptake of complement-opsonized NC, whereas CR4, which in mouse is specifically expressed by DC, played no role. Further, a minor B cell subpopulation (B-1), which is important for first-line pathogen responses, and co-expressed CR1/2 and CR3, in general, engaged NC to a much higher extent than normal B cells. Here, we identified CR-1/2 as necessary for binding of complement-opsonized NC, whereas CR3 was dispensable. Interestingly, the binding of complement-opsonized NC to both DC and B-1 cells affected the expression of activation markers. Our findings may have important implications for the design of nano-vaccines against infectious diseases, which codeliver pathogen-specific protein antigen and adjuvant, aimed to induce a broad adaptive cellular and humoral immune response by inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes that kill infected cells and pathogen-neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Decoration of nano-vaccines either with carbohydrates to trigger complement activation in vivo or with active complement may result in concomitant targeting of DC and B cells and thereby may strongly enhance the extent of dual cellular/humoral immune responses.     

The Di- and triesters of the lipids of steer and human meibomian glands

Three groups of diesters have been isolated and identified in the lipids of steer meibomian glands. The first group, designated as α Type I, with the abbreviated formula FA-αOHFA-FA1c, consisted of α-hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and fatty alcohols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The second group, designated as ω Type I-St, with the abbreviated formula FA-ωOHF A-St, consisted of ω-hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and sterols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The third group, designated as α,ω Type II, with the abbreviated formula FA-α,ωdiol-FA, consisted of α,ω-diols esterified to 2 moles of fatty acids. The sum of the different diesters comprised about 9% of total steer meibomian lipids. Capillary GLC of the fatty acids of αType I diesters showed the fatty acids to be a family with a two-cluster profile, one at C₁₂ to C₂₀ and the other at C₂₁ to C₃₁, with anteiso chains predominating. Fatty acids from ωType I-St and α,ωType II diesters gave mainly a one-cluster profile in the short long chain, C₂₃ to C₃₀, with anteiso chains predominating, while the α-hydroxy fatty acids were short chain C₁₃ to C₁₈ acids with C₁₆ predominating. The sterols in diesters ωType I-St were cholesterol (∼60%), Δ7 cholestenol (∼35%) and an unidentified compound (∼5%) with a GLC retention time slightly longer than Δ7 cholestenol on SE-30 phase. The ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-diols both were of exceedingly long chain lengths, C₂₉−C₃₈, and showed similar GLC profiles. Two types of triesters comprising approximately 1% of total steer meibomian lipids have been isolated but incompletely characterized. In terms of molar ratios, one group of triesters gave fatty acids:ω-hydroxy fatty acids:α-hydroxy fatty acids:sterols + fatty alcohols as approximately 1∶1∶1∶1. The other contained fatty acids, α-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-diols in what appears to be a complex mixture of several triesters. Diesters ωType I and α,ωType II also were found in human meibum. Hitherto these two diesters have not been found in any animal tissue.     

护肤品的功效性评价方法综述

现代科学技术,尤其是生物技术和计算机技术的飞速发展和广泛应用,给化妆品行业带来了全新的发展机遇,赋予化妆品以一定的功效性是新世纪化妆品发展的重要趋势.近20年来,人们对化妆品的要求已从洁肤、润肤为目的的基础护肤品向美白、祛皱为目的的功效性化妆品方向发展.     

The artificial heart and neuromonitoring? Technical and clinical aspects

There is a steady progress in the development of artificial heart and circulatory assist devices. There is also no doubt that further advances in energy systems, materials, and electronics will provide for smaller and more reliable electrically driven blood pumps, but the present engineering design appears to be adequate to provide devices satisfactory for initial clinical use. Due to problems in the availability of suitable donor hearts, the concept of replacing the natural heart with an artificial heart as a "bridge to transplantation" has gained attention in recent years. The present paper shows technical and clinical aspects of multivariable electrophysiologic neuromonitoring in a patient with an artificial heart assist device in the intensive care unit. The data (EEG, 40 Hz brain oscillations, brainstem auditory- and somatosensory evoked potentials) are discussed with respect to the influence of the artificial heart on their quality and reliability. Reasons for artifacts and problems of interpretation are shown.