基于拓扑信息加速马尔科夫毯学习

目标变量的马尔科夫毯（MB）是用于预测其状态的最优特征子集。提出一种新的约束学习类MB推导算法FSMB,它遵循后向选择的搜索策略,并依赖条件独立（CI）测试删除任意结点对之间的伪连接。与传统约束学习类算法不同,FSMB能从已执行的CI测试推导出不同结点扮演d 分割（d separation）结点的优先等级;而后基于该信息在未来优先执行条件集中包含高优先级结点的CI测试,从而更快速地判断并删除伪连接边。该策略可帮助快速缩小搜索空间,从而大大提升学习效率。基于仿真网络的实验研究显示,FSMB在计算效率上较经典的PCMB和IPC MB有显著的提升,而学习效果相当;在面对较大网络结构时（比如100和200个结点）,甚至比公认最快速的IAMB还节省近40%的计算量,但学习效果要远优于IAMB。基于16个UCI数据集和4个经典的分类模型的实验显示,基于FSMB输出的特征集合所训练模型的分类准确率普遍接近或高于基于原有特征全集训练所得模型。因此,FSMB是快速且有效的MB推导算法。     

Optimal training signals for MIMO OFDM channel estimation

This paper presents general classes of optimal training signals for the estimation of frequency-selective channels in MIMO OFDM systems. Basic properties of the discrete Fourier transform are used to derive the optimal training signals which minimize the channel estimation mean square error. Both single and multiple OFDM training symbols are considered. Several optimal pilot tone allocations across the transmit antennas are presented and classified as frequency-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, code-division multiplexing in the frequency-domain, code-division multiplexing in the time-domain, and combinations thereof. All existing optimal training signals in the literature are special cases of the presented optimal training signals and our designs can be applied to pilot-only schemes as well as pilot-data-multiplexed schemes.     

PIC-based iterative SDR detector for OFDM systems in doubly-selective fading channels

OFDM data detection in doubly-selective fading channels requires high complexity due to intercarrier interferences (ICI). We present a low-complexity receiver consisting of a semidefinite relaxation (SDR) based detector and parallel interference cancellation (PIC). The entire band is divided into clusters of adjacent subcarriers. SDR is applied on each cluster while PIC tackles ICI from other clusters. An upper bound of ICI power is derived and used to omit far-away clusters in performing PIC. Finally, an adaptive detector based on PIC, PIC-based SDR and the snap-shot SNR in channel is proposed to achieve a better tradeoff between complexity and performance.     

A robust timing and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems

A robust symbol-timing and carrier-frequency synchronization scheme applicable to orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing systems is presented. The proposed method is based on a training symbol specifically designed to have a steep rolloff timing metric. The proposed timing metric also provides a robust sync detection capability. Both time domain training and frequency domain (FD) training are investigated. For FD training, maintaining a low peak-to-average power ratio of the training symbol was taken into consideration. The channel estimation scheme based on the designed training symbol was also incorporated in the system in order to give both fine-timing and frequency-offset estimates. For fine frequency estimation, two approaches are presented. The first one is based on the suppression of the interference introduced in the frequency estimation process by the training symbol pattern in the context of multipath dispersive channels. The second one is based on the maximum likelihood principle and does not suffer from any interference. A new performance measure is introduced for timing estimation, which is based on the plot of signal to timing-error-induced average interference power ratio against the timing estimate shift. A simple approach for finding the optimal setting of the timing estimator is presented. Finally, the sync detection, timing estimation, frequency estimation, and bit-error-rate performance of the proposed method are presented in a multipath Rayleigh fading channel.     

Prediction of survival with fluorine-18-fluoro-deoxyglucose and PET in head and neck cancer

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate if high uptake of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is associated with aggressiveness in head and neck cancer and low probability of survival. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck underwent FDG-PET in the fasting state before cancer treatment. FDG uptake in primary tumor was quantitated as the standardized uptake value of FDG normalized to the predicted lean body mass (SUVlean, n = 37) and as the graphically determined metabolic rate for FDG (rMR[FDG], n = 34). Paraffin-embedded tumor samples were used for histologic evaluation, and expression of cytokeratin and Ki-67 antigen were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Interobserver agreement for the determination of quantitative uptake of FDG in tumors was excellent (r2 = 0.996, p < 0.00001), and all 37 primary tumors were visualized. A high uptake of FDG as assessed by SUVlean was associated with a higher than the median mitotic count (p = 0.01), absence of keratinization (p = 0.03), low or moderate histological grade of differentiation (p = 0.046) and advanced stage (p = 0.03), but not with Ki-67 expression (p = 0.11). The overall survival of patients with a SUVlean lower than or equal to the median value (9.0) was clearly better in univariate analysis than that of patients with a SUVlean higher than the median (3-yr survival 73% versus 22%, relative risk of death (RR) 4.2, 1.6-11.0). However, in a multivariate analysis the only independent predictors of survival were the mitotic count (RR 4.0, 1.4-11.7) and stage (3.8, 1.2-12.2). CONCLUSION: High uptake of FDG in untreated head and neck cancer is associated with advanced disease, and may portend poor survival. Aggressive treatment approaches should be considered for patients presenting with a tumor with high uptake of FDG.     

The superoxide production mediated by the redox cycling of xenobiotics in rat brain microsomes is dependent on their reduction potential

Responding effectively to trauma survivors who engage in self-injury can be challenging, even for experienced therapists. This paper outlines therapeutic goals and appropriate clinical responses, including remaining present at and open to communication about disclosures of self-injury, helping clients to intervene in their own process of self-injury, and working with clients to resolve underlying issues. Alternatives to self-injury are discussed and cautions are offered about common therapeutic responses likely to be particularly unhelpful.     

Distribution spatiale des électrons photoexcités dans la structure á photoémission interne or-silicium

The spatial distribution of excited electrons in the metallic film of a gold-silicon internal photoemission structure has been obtained from a calculation of the optical absorption at normal incidence, on taking into account the mulitple reflections and transmissions of light for a wavelength of 1.3 μm. The calculation was performed as a function of film thickness. The results reveal the important part played by multiple reflections and show that the geometrical distribution of hot electrons is noticeably different from the one given by simplified calculations based on the classical exponential law.     

An Exact Error Probability Analysis of OFDM Systems with Frequency Offset

In this paper, we derive exact closed form bit error rate (BER) or symbol error rate (SER) expressions for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with carrier frequency offset (CFO). We consider the performance of an OFDM system subject to CFO error in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), frequency flat and frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. The BER/ SER performances of BPSK and QPSK modulation schemes are analyzed for AWGN and frequency-flat Rayleigh fading channels while BPSK is considered for frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Our results can easily be reduced to the respective analytical error rate expressions for the OFDM systems without CFO error. Furthermore, the simulation results are provided to verify the accuracy of the new error rate expressions.